Definition and Examples of the Zero Copula

In grammar, zero copula refers to the absence of an explicit auxiliary verb (usually a form of the verb be) in certain constructions where it is customarily found in standard English. Also called copula deletion  or understood copula. In their book Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English (Wiley, 2000), John R. Rickford and Russell J. Rickford note that the zero copula is one of the most distinctive and identity-affirming characteristics of ​African-American Vernacular English  (AAVE). Examples and Observations I dont say stuff to people most of the time. Mostly I just look at them like they stupid.(Katherine S. Newman, No Shame in My Game: The Working Poor in the Inner City. Random House, 2000)Why she cant come to me? Fanny asked as she passed Mercy off to a neighbor so she could walk faster. Where she been? Where she at now? Fanny asked, wringing her hands. She knew something was wrong.(Bernice L. McFadden, This Bitter Earth. Plume, 2002)The Zero Copula in African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)One of the most interesting characteristics of AAE is the . . . use of the zero copula. As [William] Labov (1969) has explained, the rule for its use is really quite simple. If you can contract be in SE [Standard English], you can delete it in AAE. That is, since He is nice can be contracted to Hes nice in SE, it can become He nice in AAE. Likewise, But everybodys not black can become But everybody not black. . . .We should note that the zero copula is very rarely found in the speech of whites, even poor southern whites. Not all blacks use it either.(Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) ​\ Factors Governing the Use of the Zero Copula [Toya A.] Wyatt (1991) found that AAE preschoolers were more likely to use zero copula: after pronoun subjects (56%) rather than noun subjects (21%); before locative predicates (35%) and adjective predicates (27%) rather than noun predicates (18%); and in second person singular and plural predicates (45%) rather than third person singular predicates (19%). In addition, the zero copula occurred less than 1% of the time in past tense, first person singular, and final clause contexts. This suggests that as early as three years of age, AAE child speakers not only acquire the basic grammatical features of AAE but also the language-specific variable rules that govern their use (Wyatt 1996).(Toya A. Wyatt, Childrens Acquisition and Maintenance of AAE. Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, ed. by Sonja L. Lanehart. John Benjamins, 2001) I hold Jinggaya. Jinggaya, you all right? I ask. I got bad fear she hurt.Yes, yes, she say. I all right. You all right?(Andrew Parkin, A Thing Apart. Troubador, 2002) Zero Copula and Pidgins Zero copula is probably the single feature most readily associated with pidgins. . . . However, it is not an exclusively pidgin feature by any means. . . . Thus, while zero copula may exist, or have existed at some time, in all pidgins, it is not a feature which distinguishes pidgins from other languages.(Philip Baker, Some Developmental Inferences From Historical Studies of Pidgins and Creoles. The Early Stages of Creolization, ed. by Jacques Arends. John Benjamins, 1995) Suddenly the managers boy put his insolent black head in the doorway, and said in a tone of scathing contempt--Mistah Kurtz--he dead.(Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, 1903)

The Holocaust Of Auschwitz, Buchenwald, And Treblinka

Auschwitz, Buchenwald, and Treblinka are just a few of the names that evoke nightmares of the Holocaust. The death and suffering at concentration camps like these were greater than any before endured. Elie Wiesel had been one of the most devout Jewish children prior to the start of the Holocaust. However, the Holocaust created a void in the souls of many of those that survived, one of which was Elie. During his experience in the concentration camps, Elie waited for God to intervene and save his people. When God did not intervene Elie began to doubt God and His mercy. He began to accuse God of cruelty against the Jewish people. After the Holocaust was over, Elie had to reevaluate the role of God in his life. He could be forgiving of God and†¦show more content†¦Although, God did not save Elie and his people from the truth about the rumors. As such, they were carted off to the concentration camps like cattle. In the camps, Elie’s faith was not shaken immediately even th ough he was quickly exposed to many atrocities. People around him took the evil as a punishment for some unknown crime the Jewish people had committed before God. In the face of all the suffering, Elie noted a feeling of guilt for those in his camps because of how they did not protest and fight back as much as he believed they could have. Others that did not feel as guilty believed that God had a good reason for punishing the Jews. They thought it must be a test, â€Å"God is testing us. He wants to find out whether we can dominate our base instincts and kill the Satan within us. We have no right to despair. And if he punishes us relentlessly, it s a sign that he loves us all the more† (Wiesel, 42). The faith of the Jewish people helped to delay the revolution that might have erupted in the camps. The younger people felt it would be better to die fighting than to go like lambs to the slaughter. They had knives and a strong will. But their elders reminded them, â€Å" ‘ You must never lose faith, even when the sword hangs over your head. That s the teaching of our sages . . .’ † (Wiesel, 29). The younger people were willing to respect the faith of the elders as long as the elders were willing to accept God sShow MoreRelatedNazi Crimes And The Holocaust1231 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen Holocaust perpetrators. Beginning in 1941, Jews from all over the continent, as well as hundreds of thousands of European Gypsies, were transported to the Polish ghettoes. Every person designated as a Jew in German territory was marked with a yellow star making them open targets. Thousands were soon being deported to the Polish ghettoes and German-occupied cities in the USSR. Since June 1941, experiments with mass killing methods had been ongoing at the concentration camp of Auschwitz and manyRead MoreThe Holocaust : Its Causes And How It Was Carried Out1497 Words   |  6 PagesDestiny Corbitt Shawn Underell The Holocaust 21 February 2016 The Holocaust The holocaust is one of the memorable events in history and it is important to know some of its causes and how it was carried out. The Holocaust is a controlled torture that killed roughly six million Jews by the Nazi government, led by Adolf Hitler. Apart from the Jews, other groups considered inferior or anti-establishment such as Poles, Romans and gypsies were also killed. There were several reasons for these grisly murdersRead MoreHolocaust : An Examination Of The Holocaust1117 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In the summer of 1944 the soviets freed the Jewish from the concentration camps like Belzec, Treblinka and the most infamous killing camp Auschwitz. 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Capitulo 1. Da guarda - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8062 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? A expressao guarda, deriva do alemao wargem, do ingles warden e do frances garde, podendo ser interpretado de uma forma generica para expressar vigilancia, protecao, seguranca, um direito-dever que os pais ou um dos pais estao incumbidos de exercer em favor de seus filhos. De certa forma, a guarda dos filhos de acordo com De Placido e Silva, e locucao indicativa, seja de direito ou do dever, que compete aos pais ou a um dos cÃÆ'Â ´njuges, de ter em sua companhia ou de protege-los, nas diversas circunstancias indicadas na lei civil. E guarda neste sentido, tanto significa custodia como a protecao que e devida aos filhos pelos pais.[1] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Capitulo 1. Da guarda" essay for you Create order O instituto da guarda encontra-se explicitamente previsto nos artigos 1.583 a 1.590 do CC/02 e implicitamente previsto na CF/88 em seus artigos 227 e 229, que estabelecem as responsabilidades dos pais para com os filhos e garante ainda o direito de toda crianca ter um guardiao para protege-la, dar assistencia material, moral e vigia-la. Jose Antonio de Paula Santos Neto e Rubens Limongi Franca conceituam guarda como: [] o conjunto de relacoes juridicas que existem entre uma pessoa e o menor, dimanados do fato de estar este sob o poder ou a companhia daquela, e da responsabilidade daquela em relacao a este, quanto a vigilancia, direcao e educacao. [2] Na definicao de Flavio Guimaraes Lauria, a guarda: [] consiste num complexo de direitos e deveres que uma pessoa ou um casal exerce em relacao a uma crianca ou adolescente, consistindo na mais ampla assistencia a sua formacao moral, educacao, diversao e cuidados para com a saude, bem como toda e qualquer diligencia que se apresente necessaria ao pleno desenvolvimento de suas potencialidades humanas, marcada pela necessaria convivencia sob o mesmo teto, implicando, inclusive, na identidade de domicilioentre crianca e o(s) respectivo(s) titular(res).[3] Esclarece Waldyr Grisard Filho que: [] a guarda, enquanto manifestacao operativa do patrio poder, compreende a convivencia entre pais e filhos no mesmo local, a ampla comunicacao entre eles (visitacao), a vigilancia, o controle, a correcao, a assistencia, o amparo, a fiscalizacao, o sustento, a direcao, enfim, a presenca permanente no processo de integral formacao do menor.[4] A expressao guarda de filhos e uma locucao indicativa, ora de direito, ora de dever, que estabelece aos cÃÆ'Â ´njuges, em conjunto ou a cada um, de zelar e proteger a prole nas diversas circunstancias indicadas na lei civil. Neste sentido, guarda significa custodia e protecao que e devida aos filhos pelos pais. Para tanto e indispensavel o emprego da palavra responsabilidade, do latim respondere, que assume significado de responsabilizar-se, assegurar, o que se obrigou ou praticou. A guarda no Estatuto da Crianca e do Adolescente foi criada pela lei 8.069/90, a guarda descrita no estatuto da crianca e do adolescente visa atender a crianca que se encontre em flagrante estado de abandono, ou tenha sofrido falta, omissao ou abuso dos pais, para tanto, nao importa a previa suspensao ou destituicao do patrio poder, tanto que o detentor da guarda pode a qualquer tempo reclamar o direito de retirar o menor da posse de quem a esteja ilegalmente detendo. A guarda pode ter carater definitivo ou provisorio. Quando apresenta-se com carater definitivo, regulariza a posse de fato. Quando a guarda aparece com carater cautelar, preparatorio ou incidente, temos modalidades de guarda provisoria. Seu carater cautelar impoe-se quando o menor encontra-se abandonado e sua situacao depende de definicao. A crianca ou o adolescente sao colocados sob a guarda de uma pessoa, provisoriamente, ate que sejam tomadas medidas adequadas para a tutela de seus interesses. Ela assume carater preparatorio quando pedida antes do processo principal. e o que se passa na adocao e na tutela. Aquele que pretende o menor, sob uma dessas formas, pede ao juiz a guarda provisoria. e incidente quando, no correr do processo de adocao ou tutela, o juiz defere a guarda a terceiro, ou mesmo aos pretendentes. No caso de o juiz afastar os pais do patrio poder, a guarda e entregue a um terceiro. Isso se dando no decorrer do processo respectivo. Portanto, [] a determinacao da guarda, mesmo depois de homologada, e ainda que tenha transitado em julgado, pode ser alterada a favor do interesse do menor As medidas tomadas nesta materia sao suscetiveis de serem modificadas sempre que a situacao fatica se alterou. [5] O artigo 13 da Lei de Divorcio e o fundamento legal para a possivel alteracao da guarda. Sendo assim, sustenta-se o atendimento ao principio do melhor interesse da crianca e do adolescente. No entender de Sergio Gischkow Pereira, [] e uma regra que desfaz todas as regras, ou, se preferirem, passa a ser a regra das regras, entregando a discricao do magistrado a palavra ultima. [6] Criterios para determinacao da guarda Quando se da a separacao do casal genitor e que surge a problematica em relacao a questao da guarda na terminologia que estamos acostumados a encontrar, ou seja, quando e preciso estabelecer com quem irao residir os filhos menores do ex-casal. Mesmo quando nao houver ruptura conjugal as relacoes entre pais e filhos serao exercidas por ambos os cÃÆ'Â ´njuges de forma igualitaria, e na hora da separacao do casal, tais relacoes destes com os filhos, nao se altera como dispoe claramente o artigo 1632 do Codigo Civil, segundo o qual a separacao judicial, o divorcio e a dissolucao de uniao estavel nao alteram as relacoes entre pais e filhos senao quanto ao direito, que aos primeiros cabe, de terem em sua companhia os segundos. A desuniao do casal nao modificara os direitos e deveres dos pais em relacao aos filhos, uma vez que, um novo casamento de qualquer dos pais ou de ambos tambem nao importara restricao a direitos e deveres. Surge a partir do termino ou desfazimento da relacao conjugal, a disputa pela guarda do menor, ou seja, os cÃÆ'Â ´njuges terao que resolver qual o melhor modelo de guarda para o filho. Uma das opcoes, e a menos danosa para o menor, e quando os cÃÆ'Â ´njuges optam por uma decisao consensual, onde eles decidem por meio de um acordo o modelo de guarda que sera adotado, seja ela guarda unica, compartilhada, alternada, divida ou nidacao, mas desde que tal decisao esteja de acordo com o interesse do menor. Ja uma alternativa mais prejudicial para o menor e quando os cÃÆ'Â ´njuges/parceiros nao entram num acordo e acabam resultando em um penoso processo judicial, aonde cabera ao magistrado decidir qual a melhor forma de guarda a ser adotada. Essa disputa infelizmente ainda e bastante freqÃÆ'Â ¼ente nas Varas de Familia, fazendo inclusive promessas de gratificacoes materiais (presentes, viagens, etc.) para que os menores optem pela sua companhia. Os Juizes de Direito e Promotores de Justica precisam estar sempre atentos para tais circunstancias, pois a verificacao das condicoes para ter a guarda dos filhos abrange, tambem, a analise de se um dos genitores nao esta manipulando ou, ate mesmo, fazendo uma certa chantagem emocional com a prole a fim de obter judicialmente a guarda. Tanto na primeira quanto na Segunda, a opcao do magistrado ao prolatar sua sentenca devera observar certos requisitos para concessao, sendo os mais importantes a idade, o vinculo de irmaos caso existam, a opiniao do menor, comportamento dos pais e o interesse do menor. A idade do menor e um requisito importante a ser observado, visto que enquanto o menor estiver na idade tenra, ou seja; idade que varia do nascimento ate aproximadamente 24 meses, ja esta confirmado psicologicamente e ratificado atraves de inumeras jurisprudencias que o melhor para o menor e ficar com a figura materna, em virtude que este depende da mae de forma absoluta, seja por causa da propria sobrevivencia ou por ter maior vinculo com a mae, como e observado na decisao do tribunal in verbis: MENOR Guarda Crianca de tenra idade Separacao judicial dos pais Menor ha muito tempo sob a guarda do pai Inexistencia de indicios de que tal situacao nao mais convem a crianca Manutencao do status quo a servico da protecao psicologica do menino, ate a solucao das pendencias judiciais de seus pais Decisao mantida Recurso nao provido Em se tratando de guarda de menores, ha que se encaminhar os julgamentos basicamente no sentido de garantir-lhes, tanto quanto possivel, tranqÃÆ'Â ¼ilidade e bem estar, devendo prevalecer seus interesses sobre os de seus pais. (Relator: Marco Cesar Agravo de Instrumento n.ÂÂ º 201.724-1 Sao Paulo 17.02.94) [7] Porem, a guarda ficar com a genitora, nao implica no afastamento do genitor, sendo essencial que desde cedo ele tenha o maximo de contato com seu filho. Outro ponto a se destacar e se existem irmaos no litigio, porque nao e considerado aconselhavel separar irmaos, ja que diminui o vinculo de amizade e o companheirismo que existe entre eles, tendo o objetivo de pelo menos manter junto o pouco que resta da familia. Muito se tem duvida, se o menor deve ser ouvido ou nao na disputa da guarda, uma vez que a legislacao se omitiu a respeito. Porem, nos tribunais tais duvidas ja nao existem, uma vez que ja se tornou frequente o magistrado ouvir a manifestacao do menor, evitando assim que ocorram sentencas que fujam da realidade. Nao existe regra que expressa claramente a partir de qual idade sera ouvido o menor, e como essa manifestacao contara na decisao do magistrado, visto que os pais podem tentar seduzi-los. O que normalmente ocorre e que a partir dos doze anos o menor e juridicamente considerado adolescente, conforme art. 2 da Lei 8.069/90, e se for constatado que esse ja possui uma certa maturidade, o juiz certamente levara em conta a sua vontade ao prolatar a sentenca. Antes de decidir quem exercera a guarda do menor, o magistrado tambem devera observar a conduta dos pais, sendo levado em consideracao tanto as condicoes morais, como, idoneidade, ambiente familiar, social, como as condicoes materiais; ou seja; a sua profissao, renda, habitacao, etc. Conforme dispoe o artigo 1703 do Codigo Civil, para a manutencao dos filhos, os cÃÆ'Â ´njuges separados judicialmente contribuirao na proporcao de seus recursos. Exercendo pai e mae atividade laboral remunerada, ambos devem contribuir, na medida de suas possibilidades, para o sustento da prole comum. Dessa forma, quando se ficar comprovado condutas ilegais e imorais dos pais, estes deverao ter suas relacoes diminuidas ao maximo com o menor. Contudo, a principal regra, e a que se sobrepoe sobre qualquer outra no deferimento da guarda, e o interesse do menor, regra essa que vem transcrita no art. 13 da Lei 6.515/78. Assim, o interesse e sempre analisado na forma de que cada caso e um caso, devendo o magistrado toda vez fazer uma avaliacao criteriosa dos interesses individuais e concretos que existem no caso sub examine. Apesar da existencia dessa regra geral, a expressao interesse do menor nao poder ser conceituada, uma vez que trata-se de um criterio subjetivo do juiz. Porem, essa abrangencia na nomenclatura atualmente ja esta praticamente suprida, visto que o magistrado ao enfocar essa regra na decisao da guarda, devera obedecer certos requisitos que ja estao ratificados em doutrina, como o desenvolvimento fisico e moral da crianca, a qualidade de suas relacoes afetivas e a sua isercao no grupo social, bem como em jurisprudencia: Guarda Menor Atribuicao a mae, declarada responsavel pela separacao Admissibilidade Observancia da regra geral, que condiciona a guarda aos interesses morais e materiais do filho Improvimento do recurso Interpretacao dos arts. 10, 12 e 13 da Lei 6.515/78. A regra geral da definicao da guarda de menor e a da preservacao dos seus interesses morais e materiais, de modo que, se e o que lhes convem, pode ser atribuida ao cÃÆ'Â ´njuge responsavel pela separacao. (TJSP, AC61.708-4,Sao Paulo, 18.11.97, Rel. Cezar Peluso) [ grifo e nosso ][8] Pode-se dessa maneira concluir que o bem estar do menor deve sempre prevalecer em detrimento de qualquer outra circunstancia estabelecida entre o pai e a mae. As distintas modalidades de guarda Ha na doutrina uma lista contendo muitas especies de guardas, razao pela qual optou-se pela classificacao por grupos estabelecida por Waldyr Grisard Filho, por ser mais ampla.[9] Sendo assim, de acordo com o autor tudo comeca com a guarda do menor podendo ser subdividida em dois aspectos: o exercicio fisico e o exercicio juridico. Seguindo essa divisao, todas as modalidades de guarda sao compostas a partir desses dois aspectos. Desta forma, e importante esclarecer que detem a guarda fisica a pessoa com quem a crianca reside, e detem a guarda juridica a pessoa que reune todos os atributos que a torna responsavel pelo sustento, manutencao e educacao do menor ou do incapaz. Com o vinculo matrimonial ou a uniao estavel e a decorrencia da maternidade e paternidade surge o primeiro modelo de guarda, conhecido como guarda comum ou originaria, o qual nao e judicial, mas sim natural, em que ambos os cÃÆ'Â ´njuges exercem plenamente todos os poderes inerentes do patrio poder, conseqÃÆ'Â ¼entemente a guarda, nao existindo portanto a figura do nao guardiao. A guarda de fato e a que se estabelece por decisao propria de uma pessoa, ou seja, a que toma o menor a seu cargo, sem outorga legal ou judicial, porem cabe a esse guardiao todas as obrigacoes de assistencia e educacao, prevista na Legislacao Brasileira. Guarda provisoria ou temporaria e a que surge da necessidade de se atribuir a guarda a um dos genitores na pendencia dos processos de separacao ou de divorcio, tornando-se definitiva apos o exame cuidadoso de todos os criterios para atribuicao da guarda ao genitor mais apto. No entanto se chamara guarda unica quando o menor e confiado a guarda de um so dos pais. Contudo, e pertinente frisar que a guarda definitiva e relativa, pois, podera ser modificada a qualquer tempo, mediante ato fundamentado do juiz, na forma do disposto no artigo 35 e 148, paragrafo unico, do Estatuto da Crianca e do Adolescente. A guarda por terceiros ou por instituicoes tem suas diferencas, onde a primeira se cumpre por particular, mediante previa designacao; e a outra se efetiva por orgaos tecnico-administrativos de protecao. Cumpre lembrar que a Lei do Divorcio, no artigo 10, ÂÂ § 2.ÂÂ º, admite a possibilidade do juiz conferir a guarda a terceiros, em havendo motivo grave ou na salvaguarda do interesse do menor. Ressalte-se, porem, que nao existindo parentes ou estranhos ao menor que aceitem o encargo, a crianca sera colocada em instituicao governamental ou nao, nos termos do artigo 30 do Estatuto da Crianca e do Adolescente. e fato muito comum os filhos ao se casarem, continuarem morando com os pais, e com o nascimento dos filhos, enxergando a possibilidade de no futuro, esses usufruirem de direitos previdenciarios dos avos, e assim que surge mais um tipo de guarda a ser pleiteada, a guarda previdenciaria. Com a evidente precariedade da previdencia social, onde muitos exames e cirurgias basicas deixam de ser oferecidas, a guarda previdenciaria comeca a fazer sentido, apresentando maiores garantias a seus beneficiarios. Alem do que, o ECA nao proibe esse tipo de guarda, mas, ao contrario, preve, no ÂÂ § 2ÂÂ º do artigo 33, a excepcionalidade da guarda fora dos casos da tutela e da adocao. Entretanto, Jose Maria Leoni Lopes de Oliveira manifesta-se contrario a essa modalidade de guarda quando objetiva, unicamente, garantir ao menor o usufruto dos beneficios previdenciarios do guardiao.[10] Outras modalidades de Guarda sao a juridica, onde se caracteriza por ser exercida a distancia, pelo genitor nao-guardador, e a guarda material prevista no artigo 33, ÂÂ § 1ÂÂ º, do ECA, onde e exercida pelo genitor guardador que, em verdade, exerce o poder familiar em toda a sua extensao, ou, em outras palavras, esse tipo de guarda e o mesmo que custodia, pois que encerra a ideia de posse ou cargo. No aninhamento ou nidacao, e a modalidade em que os pais se revezam na guarda, mudando-se para a casa onde vivam os menores, em periodos alternados de tempo. Essa especie de guarda nao perdura, pelos altos custos que impoe a sua manutencao: tres residencias; uma para o pai, outra para a mae, e uma terceira para o filho, que recepciona, alternadamente, os pais de tempos em tempos. Por fim, a guarda compartilhada ou conjunta refere-se a tipos de guarda nas quais os pais tem a mesma responsabilidade legal pela tomada de decisoes importantes, conjunta e igualitariamente, diferindo no fato de ser por determinacao judicial ou por acordo. Assim, a guarda conjunta ou compartilhada deve ser planejada pelos pais, para que os menores tenham sua convivencia com os genitores preservada, e nesse modelo nao ha uma maior rigidez, sendo o filho o maior beneficiado. No entanto, e de dificil implementacao, principalmente quando se tem em vista a dificuldade de relacionamento dos pais apos a separacao, como se demonstrara no capitulo seguinte. Desuniao e os novos papeis dos genitores A desuniao dos pais, independente do casamento, coloca em evidencia o exercicio em separado da autoridade parental. Assim, quando se depara com a dissolucao da sociedade conjugal, ou da sociedade fatica, nao tem como esquivar-se dos deveres relativos a autoridade parental, pois, esses sao mantidos. A ruptura da vida conjugal gera efeitos pessoais, patrimoniais e sobre a pessoa dos filhos, traduzindo-se em organizacao da guarda e do regime de visitas. Trata-se de uma contrapartida de sua autoridade, ou seja, direitos e vantagens de um lado, obrigacoes e ÃÆ'Â ´nus, de outro. Sendo assim, ha muito que se ajustar, pois, assim comeca a divisao de funcoes entre os genitores. De certa forma, o primeiro passo e discutir sobre quem vai ser o guardiao da crianca, sendo que, a ele cabera a administracao dos bens e a responsabilidade civil. E ao genitor nao guardiao cabe o direito de visitas, o dever de alimentos e o direito de fiscalizacao. Como pode ser visto a responsabilidade parental nao apresenta grandes questoes juridicas trazidas a apreciacao do Judiciario, enquanto exercida na constancia do casamento e da uniao estavel, os problemas de um modo geral, se iniciam com as dificuldades que nao sao contornadas, com o final de uma relacao. No entanto, nas crises de ruptura da vida conjugal, aparecem graves conflitos relativamente a responsabilidade parental. E, o que se pode constatar, com freqÃÆ'Â ¼encia, e que causadas algumas perturbacoes, como o estresse, debilita de tal forma as pessoas envolvidas, que as torna incapazes de discernir. Os mecanismos de defesa desenvolvidos pelo casal em conflito acabam transformando os filhos menores em verdadeiros armamentos, que acabam servindo, no bombardeio entre os pais. Trata-se de um sistema inadequado de comunicacao, mas, o unico conhecido. Ha um fundamento tendencioso, o de reconhecer o principio da igualdade entre homem e mulher, e o superior interesse da crianca, que deve ter a sua vida organizada de tal forma que permaneca, dentro do possivel, o mais proximo ao que era, enquanto o casal conjugal existia concomitantemente ao casal parental. e razoavel supor que a presenca de pai e mae devem ter freqÃÆ'Â ¼encia ritmica, dada a importancia desta participacao na ampla responsabilidade de formacao dos filhos. Mas mesmo assim, no meio de tantas discussoes se torna dificil entender a simples ideia de que os pais se fazem necessarios na vida de sua prole. Os problemas nao acabam por ai, pois, o genitor-guardiao, so sera responsavel na medida em que o filho coabita consigo, tal coabitacao nao so como um vinculo de dependencia juridica. Mas tambem de dependencia material entre genitor e filho. Finalmente, o genitor pode a qualquer tempo invocar as causas gerais de exoneracao, ou seja, forca maior, caso fortuito, culpa de terceiro, etc., nestes casos, competira ao juiz se pronunciar sobre a culpa ou nao do genitor-guardiao. CAPiTULO 2. Guarda Compartilhada e a Disciplina da Lei 11.698/2008 Nao existem maes e pais ideais, so existem maes e pais presentes ou ausentes e certamente, sempre e melhor que estejam presentes na vida de seus filhos. [11] A ruptura dos lacos familiares surgimento do problema Enquanto a familia legitima ou natural, permanece fisica e efetivamente unida, a crianca desfruta de dois genitores. A ruptura conjugal cria a familia monoparental e a autoridade parental, ate entao exercida pelo pai e pela mae, acompanha a crise e se concentra em um so dos genitores, ficando o outro reduzido a um papel verdadeiramente secundario (visita, alimentos, fiscalizacao). Quer isso dizer que um dos genitores exerce a guarda no ambito da atuacao pratica, no cuidado diario e outro conserva as faculdades potenciais de atuacao.[12] Assim, com o crescente numero de rupturas surgem, tambem, os conflitos em relacao a guarda de filhos de pais que nao mais convivem, fossem casados ou nao. Cumpre a doutrina e a jurisprudencia estabelecer as solucoes que privilegiem a manutencao dos lacos que vinculam os pais a seus filhos, eliminando a dissimetria dos papeis parentais que o texto constitucional definitivamente expurgou, como se ve pelo artigo 226, ÂÂ §5ÂÂ º: A familia, base da sociedade, tem especial protecao do Estado ()ÂÂ § 5ÂÂ º Os direitos e deveres referentes a sociedade conjugal sao exercidos igualmente pelo homem e pela mulher. A ruptura afeta diretamente a vida dos menores, pois, de certa forma modifica totalmente a estrutura da familia e atingindo a organizacao de um de seus subsistemas, o parental. A situacao aparece uma corrente que questiona a necessidade de se manter todos os personagens da familia envolvidos, mesmo apos a ruptura da vida em comum, assim, tenta-se atenuar todas as conseqÃÆ'Â ¼encias injustas que essa ruptura provoca, atraves de envolvem para solucionar tal problema. Na constancia do casamento, a questao do poder familiar e da guarda e bem resolvida, pois pai e mae possuem os seus papeis definidos. Porem, quando ocorre a ruptura do casamento ou da uniao estavel, surge o problema de atribuicao da guarda. Mas o que se esquece de levar em consideracao e a questao que a guarda, vai muito alem da dor que os genitores possam sentir pelo rompimento, vai alem da discussao sobre a culpa, alem da partilha de bens, pois, para a tomada desta decisao os pais devem se abster de todos os problemas para entrarem de maneira tranqÃÆ'Â ¼ila em um consenso sobre a guarda dos filhos. Segundo Fabiola Santos Albuquerque o que sofrera alteracao, e ainda assim dependendo do grau de animosidade dos pais, e o exercicio do poder familiar [].[13] Mesmo apos a separacao, ambos os pais [] estao teoricamente em igualdade de condicoes para o exercicio do poder familiar, que somente se altera em relacao ao fato de que a crianca nao mais estara em tempo integral com ambos os genitores.[14] e essencial e justo que nenhum dos genitores coloque empecilhos no relacionamento dos filhos com o outro, para que os menores se desenvolvam sadios e sem seqÃÆ'Â ¼elas. Os pais que se casam novamente e tem outros filhos nao podem esquecer dos filhos fruto da uniao que nao deu certo. A separacao nao pode pÃÆ'Â ´r fim ao relacionamento familiar, como bem observa Karen Nioac de Salles: [] os pais nao podem, injustificadamente, privar os filhos do convivio com os irmaos e ascendentes. Esta convivencia deve, portanto, ser mantida mesmo que qualquer dos genitores, por razoes pessoais, queira pÃÆ'Â ´r-lhe termo. O termino da familia nao deve ir alem da separacao (ou divorcio) dos pais, preservando-se tanto quanto possivel, as relacoes dos filhos com todos os familiares.[15] O desejo de ambos os pais compartilharem a criacao e a educacao dos filhos e o destes de manterem adequada comunicacao com os pais motivou o surgimento de uma nova forma de guarda, A GUARDA COMPARTILHADA. Conceito de Guarda Compartilhada A guarda compartilhada nasceu ha pouco mais de 20 anos na Inglaterra e depois alastrou-se para Franca, Canada e Estados Unidos, hoje em dia, desenvolve-se em varios lugares do mundo. Sendo assim, o termo guarda conjunta, como ja dito anteriormente e de origem inglesa, joint custody, e diz respeito a possibilidade dos filhos de pais separados serem assistidos por ambos os pais. [16] Fica subentendido neste tipo de modalidade de guarda, que os pais tem efetiva e igualitaria autoridade legal sobre os filhos e como conseqÃÆ'Â ¼encia tem tambem maior cuidado com os filhos do que na guarda unica. No que tange os termos conjunta e compartilhada, Maria Lucia Leiria elucida que nao ha diferenca entre os termos guarda conjunta e guarda compartilhada. No entanto, o termo compartilhada e semanticamente para mim o mais conforme com o instituto da guarda conjunta, da guarda pelos dois genitores.[17] Ha uma linha de pensamento onde entende-se que na guarda conjunta, nao e a guarda, mas os outros atributos da autoridade parental que sao exercidos em comum. O instituto consiste no exercicio em comum, pelos pais, de um certo numero de prerrogativas relativas a pessoa da crianca. A guarda conjunta seria a aplicacao pratica do principio do exercicio conjunto da autoridade parental no caso de fragmentacao da familia. Se pretende que os dois genitores conservem a autoridade parental e participem igualmente nas grandes decisoes relativas a crianca, esta e, certamente, a solucao a privilegiar. Mas temos que entender que a guarda conjunta, ou compartilhada, nao se refere apenas a tutela fisica ou custodia material, mas todos outros atributos da autoridade parental sao exercidos em comum, assim, o genitor que nao detem a guarda material nao se limitara a supervisionar a educacao dos filhos, mas ambos os pais terao efetiva e equivalente autoridade parental para tomarem decisoes importantes ao bem estar de seus filhos. Goldstein e outros autores afirmam que os diferentes termos (conjunta, dividida e repartida, segundo eles) sao geralmente utilizados para descrever o mesmo arranjo, arranjo este que, como referimos, pode tanto simplesmente significar formas mais amplas de visitacao [].[18] No que se refere ao conceito propriamente dito, aduz Luiz Felipe Lyrio Peres, que guarda conjunta e: [] uma situacao juridica onde ambos os pais, apos uma separacao judicial, um divorcio ou uma dissolucao de uniao estavel, conservam mutuamente sobre seus filhos o direito da guarda juridica e da guarda fisica tendo como obrigacao domiciliarem proximos, possuirem mesmos valores e determinarem que o arranjo de alternancia de lares nao seja longo, para nao quebrarem a continuidade das relacoes parentais.[19] Entende Eduardo de Oliveira Leite que a guarda conjunta consiste no exercicio em comum, pelos pais, de um certo numero de prerrogativas relativas a pessoa da crianca.[20] Segundo Jose Romaldini Junior, [] e um meio de colocar o menor em contato com os pais com maior freqÃÆ'Â ¼encia, fazendo com que o filho nao perca a finidade com nenhum dos dois [].[21] No entender de Waldyr Grisard Filho: A guarda compartilhada, ou conjunta, e um dos meios de exercicio da autoridade parental, que os pais desejam continuar exercendo em comum quando fragmentada a familia. De outro modo, e um chamamento dos pais que vivem separados para exercerem conjuntamente a autoridade parental, como faziam na constancia da uniao conjugal.[22] Segue ainda o discurso de Waldyr Grisard Filho, Este modelo, priorizando o melhor interesse dos filhos e a igualdade dos generos no exercicio da parentalidade, e uma resposta mais eficaz a continuidade das relacoes da crianca com seus dois pais na familia dissociada, semelhantemente a uma familia intacta. e um chamamento dos pais que vivem separados para exercerem conjuntamente a autoridade parental, como faziam na constancia da uniao conjugal, ou de fato.[23] O Professor Jeff Atkinson explica que: [] a guarda conjunta nao tem uma definicao precisa. Ela pode cobrir um arranjo onde um dos genitores fica com as criancas durante o periodo escolar e outro durante as ferias, com direito a livre visitacao; ate arranjos mais tradicionais, onde o tempo despendido com a prole e menos dividido, mas ha a enfase no sharing parenting, e o genitor que nao detem a custodia tem participacao em decisoes chave relacionadas a saude e educacao dos menores.[24] Sobre o termo shared parenting, Sergio Eduardo Nick esclarece que nao importa mais tanto quem e que vai morar com a crianca, o destaque vai para os filhos, e aquilo que e melhor para eles: ter ambos os pais interessados em seu bem-estar, sua educacao, sua saude, e seu desenvolvimento como um todo. [25] Nesse sentido, os dois pais seriam estimulados a exercer a maternagem mesmo que separados. Do exposto, ve-se que o relevante nao e tanto com quem o menor ira residir, mas sim que ele fique a maior parte do tempo com ambos os genitores. As tarefas dos pais relativas ao menor apos a separacao nao sao exclusivas, ao contrario, sao compartilhadas. Aqui no Brasil, a redistribuicao dos papeis na comunidade familiar, como exigencia da evolucao dos costumes nas sociedades modernas, decretou a impropriedade da guarda exclusiva, impondo a reconsideracao dos parametros vigentes, que nao reservam espaco a atual igualdade parental. Quando o modelo vigente nao mais atende as expectativas sociais, quando a realidade quotidiana observada no foro prioriza, sistematicamente, a maternidade em detrimento da paternidade, quando se nega a crianca o direito de ter dois pais, quando inevitavel o processo de isonomia entre o marido e a esposa, criando uma simetria nos papeis familiares, e hora de se rever a questao da autoridade parental. E assim, com a modernidade, e a necessidade de rever a questao da autoridade parental, e que surgiu a guarda compartilhada no ordenamento juridico com a Lei 11.698/2008, onde regulou alguns artigos do Codigo Civil. Objetivo da guarda compartilhada Cabe entendermos que este modelo, tenta priorizar o melhor interesse dos filhos e a igualdade dos generos no exercicio da parentalidade, ouse ja, de certa forma e uma resposta mais eficaz a continuidade das relacoes da crianca com seus pais na familia dissociada. e uma forma de atentar aos pais que vivem separados, que podem exercer conjuntamente a autoridade parental, como faziam na constancia da uniao conjugal, ou de fato. Apos apresentadas os problemas que ocorrem com a dissolucao da sociedade conjugal, e as definicoes e conceitos, sobre esse novo modelo de guarda, passa se a expor os objetivos do instituto, a fim de que se possa ter uma nocao mais concreta. Sendo assim, temos como o principal objetivo diminuir os impactos que a ruptura conjugal causa tanto nos filhos quanto nos pais, validando a estes o papel parental permanente, ininterrupto e conjunto. No entendimento de Claudete Carvalho Canezin, o objetivo da guarda compartilhada e o de garantir que as duas figuras, pai e mae, mantenham um contato permanente, equilibrado, assiduo e co-responsavel com seus filhos, evitando tanto a exclusao quanto a omissao daquele que nao esta com a guarda naquele momento.[26] Ou seja, esse tipo de guarda visa a possibilidade de que os filhos de pais separados continuem assistidos por ambos os genitores, apos a separacao, devendo ter efetiva e equivalente autoridade legal para tomarem decisoes importantes quanto ao bem estar de seus filhos, e freqÃÆ'Â ¼entemente, ter uma paridade maior no cuidado deles. Segundo Marcial Barreto Casabona, o intuito da guarda compartilhada e que o filho tenha um contato diferenciado quantitativa e qualitativamente com o pai (ou mae). Que mantenha uma efetiva convivencia, e nao que seja simplesmente visitado pelo pai (ou mae).[27] Ao longo dos anos, pudemos presenciar inumeros exemplos problematicos ocorridos quanto a criacao dos filhos, pois, o detentor da guarda tenta impor ao outro genitor suas vontades, quanto a forma de conducao da educacao dos filhos, tendo em alguns casos, a necessidade de ser levado novamente a frente da justica, para decidir assuntos de interesse exclusivamente familiares. Tais processos judiciais acabam por deteriorar ainda mais o relacionamento familiar, e ainda, lotam o judiciario, transformando um desentendimento familiar em uma disputa juridica, na qual o juiz por vezes, nada tem a fazer se nao conciliar as partes. A guarda conjunta, compartilhada de certa forma, visa aumentar e dividir a responsabilidade de cada um dos genitores perante os filhos, a cooperacao e a comunicacao entre todos os membros da familia. Ha a pretensao de garantir uma igualdade, ja existente, entre homem e mulher mesmo apos a separacao, colocando em equilibrio os papeis parentais. Tenta por vezes, esse modelo de guarda demonstrar, que os genitores, devem equiparar-se quanto ao tempo livre que os mesmos detem, para a organizacao de sua vida pessoal e profissional, buscando assim reorganizar as relacoes entre pais e filhos no interior da familia na pos-separacao. Para atingir todos estes objetivos, tem-se procurado, transformar as relacoes superficiais do filho com o genitor nao-guardiao, fazendo assim, com que ele participe mais da vida de sua prole. Tenta-se por meio dessa maior participacao deste na vida daquele, visar uma cooperacao entre os genitores, que obviamente, nao depende exclusivamente de uma ordem judicial, mas da boa vontade de ambos. Assim, este modelo de guarda nos demonstra que os genitores podem e devem exercer o encargo parental mesmo apos a separacao ou divorcio, tendo em vista sempre o modelo de organizacao familiar que se assemelha a uma familia intacta. A guarda compartilhada, de certa forma, exige a responsabilizacao conjunta dos dois pais pelas funcoes inerentes ao poder familiar (CC, art. 1.583, ÂÂ § 1.ÂÂ º), sem prevalencia ou hierarquia de um pai sobre o outro, num ambiente mais democratico e igualitario. Sendo assim, para a possivel a aplicacao da guarda conjunta ou compartilhada, e necessario, o pressuposto do atendimento ao melhor interesse da crianca e do adolescente. Faz-se, necessario e que haja o exame bem atento do caso concreto, onde possa ser verificado as reais condicoes sociais, psicologicas, morais, emocionais e afetivas dos genitores, pois nao podem existir quaisquer das causas impeditivas do deferimento da guarda para um dos pais, exemplos: violencia contra os filhos, alcoolismo, doencas mentais, vontade expressada de nao ser o guardiao etc. Dessa forma, o maior objetivo da guarda compartilhada e a continuidade da relacao afetiva e filial da crianca e do adolescente com ambos os pais, mas sempre lembrando que tal modelo, carece de analise da condicao familiar, para que nao cause danos permanentes aos filhos. Pode ser concluido neste topico que para ser vislumbrada a possivel aplicacao da guarda compartilhada, e indispensavel ser analisado o caso concreto, pois, ha situacoes pode nao atender o melhor interesse do menor, pois em determinados casos, a convivencia com ambos os genitores acaba nao sendo um fator fundamental no desenvolvimento social e psicologico, tendo em vista que as vezes uma familia mal constituida e pode causar danos a prole. Por mais, certo que seja que e atraves de nossas familias de origem, representada por nossos pais, que nos inserimos na estrutura social, bem como e primordialmente atraves das relacoes com ambos, pai e mae, que construimos nossa subjetividade, devemos ter o cuidado de analisar se a relacao conjunta de ambos os genitores nao cause mais brigas e confusoes na vida da crianca e do adolescente. Comentarios sobre a Lei 11.698/2008 e suas mudancas no Codigo Civil Ja ha algum tempo observava-se na sociedade brasileira um significativo movimento reivindicatorio em favor da legalizacao da guarda compartilhada, que foi atendido por meio da promulgacao, da Lei nÂÂ °. 11.698/08, publicada em de 13 de junho de 2008, que alterou os artigos 1.583 e 1.584 do nosso Codigo Civil, e introduziu, expressamente, a guarda compartilhada em nossa legislacao. Era grande a necessidade de ratificar-se a sua aplicacao, pois, na nossa sociedade houve mudancas sociologicas em relacao a familia, inclusive no ambito do Direito Processual Civil, dando relevo ao Instituto da guarda compartilhada, pelo motivo de tratar-se de um Direito Fundamental, o qual e norma e, tambem, uma necessidade e tarefa do Estado. A insercao desse modelo de guarda no direito brasileiro e de certa forma, uma adaptacao a sociedade moderna que sofre transformacoes diariamente. E e assim que surge a luta para que a Guarda Compartilhada saisse do papel, pois, as mudancas na sociedade clamavam por essa evolucao; houve assim, o empenho das entidades de maes e pais separados, desde o ano de 2002. Houve o Projeto de Lei n. 6.350, de autoria do entao deputado federal do PT/MG, Tilden Santiago encontrava-se em tramitacao, assim, este projeto visava alterar os artigos 1583 e 1584 do Codigo Civil e instituir, legalmente, a Guarda Compartilhada no Brasil. Em agosto de 2004, o projeto recebeu parecer favoravel da Comissao de Seguridade Social e Familia do Congresso Nacional, sendo encaminhado em agosto de 2006 para a Comissao de Constituicao, Justica e Cidadania do Senado Federal aguardando parecer do relator, Senador Demostenes Torres, PFL-GO. Depois que este projeto foi protocolado no Congresso Nacional, surgiram outros dois, versando sobre o mesmo tema. Um, do deputado Feu Rosa, em 18/03/2002, apensado ao primeiro, e outro do Deputado Ricardo Fiuza, em 07/11/2002, que e parte de um conjunto de alteracoes em varios dispositivos do Codigo Civil. Conforme ja mencionado, a primeira observacao relevante acerca da nova redacao dos arts. 1.583 e 1.584 e que eles nao se referem mais, expressamente, somente a guarda dos filhos para o caso de dissolucao da sociedade conjugal ou do vinculo conjugal em razao da separacao judicial ou divorcio, mas sim, a situacao dos filhos em qualquer hipotese em que os pais nao vivam juntos. A passagem da teoria a pratica so sera efetiva apos profundos estudos do comportamento humano, sempre em cotejo com os objetivos da norma constitucional protetiva do menor no caso concreto. Inobstante as dificuldades que sempre sao enfrentadas na solucao consciente e madura da guarda do menor, so a formacao firme, o apoio dos profissionais ja mencionados, o aporte de condicoes humanas e materiais poderao fazer com que o juiz de familia tenha condicoes de, passando da teoria a pratica, utilizar-se desse novo instituto. [28] Assim sendo, houve uma ratificacao sobre a legislacao existente sobre a guarda compartilhada, pois, no ordenamento juridico brasileiro, pois, nao havia nada ate entao, a respeito da modalidade de guarda compartilhada ou conjunta, mas, depois da vigencia da Lei, o assunto e tratado de forma mais clara, uma vez que a Lei tornou o tema uniforme, em determinados casos, quanto a sua aplicacao nos tribunais e, nao mais uma excecao a regra. Com a nova lei, o caput do art. 1.583 passou a ter a seguinte redacao: A guarda sera unilateral ou compartilhada. O legislador preocupou-se, inclusive, em definir essas modalidades de guarda, o que fez no ÂÂ § 1ÂÂ º, que assim dispoe: Considerando o artigo 1.583 percebe que a intencao o Legislador e acima de tudo definir um dever generico de cuidado material, atencao e afeto, por parte do genitor a quem nao se atribuiu a guarda, estando implicita a intencao de evitar o que a doutrina convencionou chamar de abandono moral. [29] Conforme evidencia a seguir: Com a nova lei, o caput do artigo 1.583 passou a ter a seguinte redacao: A guarda sera unilateral ou compartilhada. O legislador preocupou-se, inclusive, em definir essas modalidades de guarda, o que fez no ÂÂ § 1ÂÂ º, que assim dispoe: Compreende-se por guarda unilateral a atribuida a um so dos genitores ou a alguem que o substitua (art. 1.584, ÂÂ § 5ÂÂ º) e, por guarda compartilhada a responsabilizacao conjunta e o exercicio de direitos e deveres do pai e da mae que nao vivam sob o mesmo teto, concernentes ao poder familiar dos filhos comuns. [30] Anteriormente a Lei 11.698/2008, havia divergencia entre os pais, pois, a guarda era sempre unilateral, era ela atribuida a mae, ao pai, ou, se nenhum dos genitores apresentasse condicoes satisfatorias para exerce-la, ate mesmo a terceira pessoa. Pela atual redacao do art. 1.584, ÂÂ § 2ÂÂ º, quando nao houver acordo entre a mae e o pai quanto a guarda do filho, sera aplicada, sempre que possivel, a guarda compartilhada. Constata-se, pois, que a orientacao legal foi modificada, devendo-se priorizar a guarda compartilhada em detrimento da guarda unilateral. Na acao em que a guarda estiver sendo discutida, o juiz, na audiencia de conciliacao, deve informar aos pais o significado da guarda compartilhada, a sua importancia, a similitude de deveres e direitos dos mesmos e as sancoes que podem ser impostas pelo descumprimento daquilo que for estipulado. Caso o magistrado verifique nao ser aconselhavel a guarda compartilhada, nao lhe restara alternativa senao atribui-la a um dos pais. Nesse caso, a guarda unilateral, nos termos do disposto no art. 1.583, ÂÂ § 1ÂÂ º, sera atribuida ao genitor que revele melhores condicoes para exerce-la e, objetivamente, mais aptidao para propiciar aos filhos os seguintes fatores: afeto nas relacoes com o genitor e com o grupo familiar, saude e seguranca; e educacao. Alias, caso o juiz verifique que nenhum dos pais oferece condicoes para ficar com a guarda dos filhos, podera conferi-la a uma terceira pessoa que revele compatibilidade com a medida, de preferencia levando em conta o grau de parentesco e a relacao de afinidade e afetividade. A guarda dos filhos menores ou dos maiores incapazes pode ser alterada a qualquer tempo, desde que haja alteracao na situacao fatica. Nesse sentido, o art. 1.586 estabelece que, havendo motivos graves, podera o juiz, em qualquer caso, a bem dos filhos, regular de maneira diferente da estabelecida a situacao deles para com os pais. No entanto, o fato de o guardiao convolar novas nupcias ou passar a manter outro relacionamento afetivo nao acarreta a perda do direito de ter os filhos consigo. Conforme o teor do Enunciado 337, aprovado na IV Jornada de Direito Civil do CJF: O fato de o pai ou a mae constituirem nova uniao nao repercute no direito de terem os filhos do leito anterior em sua companhia, salvo quando houver comprometimento da sadia formacao e do integral desenvolvimento da personalidade destes. Se for estipulada a guarda unilateral, o pai ou a mae que nao ficar com a mesma, tera o direito de visitar os filhos e te-los sob a sua companhia, bem como de fiscalizar a sua manutencao e educacao. O regime de visitas deve ser acordado pelos proprios pais ou ser fixado pelo magistrado. O ideal e que tal direito seja amplo, a fim de que o filho possa manter o relacionamento mais proximo possivel com ambos os genitores. Alias, a visita nao e apenas um direito do nao guardiao, mas tambem um direito do filho de ser visitado. Apesar de nao haver expressa determinacao legal, e assente, tanto na doutrina como na jurisprudencia, que o direito de visitas nao esta restrito ao genitor nao guardiao, sendo estendido tambem as outras pessoas proximas ao menor, em especial aos avos. Nesse sentido, afirma o Enunciado 333, aprovado na IV Jornada de Direito Civil, promovida pelo CJF: o direito de visita pode ser estendido aos avos e pessoas com as quais a crianca ou o adolescente mantenha vinculo afetivo, atendendo ao seu melhor interesse. Ora, entende-se que uma crianca precisa da figura do pai e da mae para o seu desenvolvimento psicologico e social. Um dos direitos fundamentais da crianca e do adolescente e o direito a convivencia familiar, previsto no artigo 227 da Constituicao Federal de 1988. A crianca tem direito a convivencia com seus pais, mesmo que a familia tenha sido modificada em funcao da dissolucao da sociedade conjugal ou da uniao estavel. Visando o melhor interesse do menor, para que ambos os pais compartilhem da criacao, educacao, participacao na vida dos filhos com adequada comunicacao, a forma mais conveniente seria a guarda compartilhada. CAPiTULO 3 Aplicabilidade do Modelo A aplicacao da guarda compartilhada no ordenamento juridico brasileiro depende de cada caso concreto e especifico. A guarda compartilhada, veio em busca de atenuar o impacto negativo da ruptura conjugal, pois, tenta fazer com que os dois pais consigam ficar envolvidos na criacao dos filhos, validando-lhes o papel parental permanente, ininterrupto e conjunto. Dessa forma, cada caso que chega ao judiciario, deve ser analisado, a fim de conseguir juntar varios fatores, como a responsabilidade, a cooperacao e cordialidade entre o casal. Esses sao alguns dos criterios nos quais devem ser levados em consideracao pelo Magistrado e sua equipe, para que seja determinada a aplicacao da guarda compartilhada. A quebra do vinculo parental por varias vezes representa um extraordinario prejuizo a formacao da personalidade do filho e sua relacao com o meio social, ou seja, uma analise mal feita da possibilidade da aplicacao da guarda compartilhada e a crianca sofrera muito mais. Temos que ter a ideia de que, compartilhar, nao e simplesmente dividir as responsabilidades, e o tempo de convivencia, e muito mais, de certa forma, e continuar a pensar, fazer e proporcionar juntos, nao como uma familia em baixo do mesmo teto, mas sim, juntos, apesar da separacao, disernir o que e bem melhor para o desenvolvimento emocional, material e moral dos seus filhos. Compartilhar tem um sentido especial e profundo. Nao se deixa de tomar parte, participar, compartir, partilhar com alguem. Os pais devem entender que, o instituto da guarda compartilhada, no meu entendimento, vem para tentar representar uma melhor opcao para um desenvolvimento e crescimento nao so como pessoa, ser humano, mas notadamente no plano emocional e psicologico dos filhos. A aplicabilidade deste modelo de guarda, nao dependem somente da interpretacao dos Magistrados, e sua equipe, para que de certo, cabe aos pais, entenderem o real e verdadeiro significado dessa compartilhacao na guarda, pois, devem entender que ao judiciario cabe zelar pelo bem estar da populacao, mas aos seu filhos, eles tambem devem fazer a sua parte. Se os pais conseguirem, separar o fim do casamento, da criacao da prole, essas criancas e adolescentes poderiam ficar eternamente gratos, pois, saberiam que na pratica, e possivel disso ocorrer de forma efetiva e verdadeira; acabando assim, um pouco com o sofrimento desses filhos. Enfim a aplicabilidade da GUARDA COMPARTILHADA, se compreendida pelos pais, e bem analisadas pelos Magistrados, e benefica para toda a familia, trazendo harmonia e um convivio saudavel para o crescimento e desenvolvimento dos filhos. DE PLaCIDO E SILVA, Vocabulario Juridico, 2 ed. V. 1-2, Rio de Janeiro, Forense, 1990, p-365-366. SANTOS NETO; FRANcA, 1994 apud CANEZIN, Claudete Carvalho. Da guarda compartilhada em oposicao a guarda unilateral. Revista Brasileira do Direito de Familia, Sao Paulo, n. 28, p. 5-25, fev./mar. 2005. p. 8. GUIMARaES, 2002 apud RAMOS, Patricia Pimentel de Oliveira Chambers. O poder familiar e a guardacompartilhada sob o enfoque dos novos paradigmas do direito de familia. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2005. p. 54. GRISARD FILHO, Waldyr. Guarda compartilhada: um novo modelo de responsabilidade parental. 2. ed. Sao Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 2002. p. 131. GONcALVES, Denise Willhelm. Guarda compartilhada. Revista Juridica, Sao Paulo, v. 50, n. 299, p. 44-54, set. 2002. p. 47. PEREIRA, Sergio Gischkow. A guarda conjunta de menores no direito brasileiro. Revista da Associacao dos Juizes do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, vol. 13, n. 36, p. 53-64, mar. 1986. p. 56. APASE Associacao de Pais e Maes Separados. Guarda de Menores. TJ-SP. Disponivel em LOUREIRO FILHO. Lair da Silva; LOUREIRO, Claudia Regina Magalhaes, (coord.). Direito de Familia A Lei nos Tribunais -.Sao Paulo Ed. Juarez de Oliveira. 1999. Pag:35 GRISARD FILHO, Waldyr. Guarda compartilhada: um novo modelo de responsabilidade parental.3. ed. rev., atual. e ampl. Sao Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 2005, p. 80-87. OLIVEIRA, Jose Maria Leoni Lopes de. Op. cit., p. 43. Maria Helena Rizzi, Guarda Compartilhada (sob um prisma psicologico). Disponivel em: HTTP://www.pailegal.net/chicus.asp.?rvTextoId=480180144. Acesso em: 10 abr. 2010. GRISARD FILHO, Waldyr. Guarda compartilhada: um novo modelo de responsabilidade parental.3. ed. rev., atual. e ampl. Sao Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 2000, p. 103. ALBUQUERQUE, Fabiola Santos. As perspectivas e o exercicio da guarda compartilhada consensual e litigiosa. Revista Brasileira de Direito de Familia, Sao Paulo, v. 7, n. 31, p. 19-30, ago./set. 2005. p. 22. RAMOS, Patricia Pimentel de Oliveira Chambers. O poder familiar e a guarda compartilhada sob o enfoque dos novos paradigmas do direito de familia. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2005. p. 68. SALLES, Karen Ribeiro Pacheco Nioac de. Guarda compartilhada. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2002. p. 90. ALVES, Wellington Lopes. GUARDA COMPARTILHADA DOS FILHOS. Disponivel em Acesso em 17.03.2010. LEIRIA, Maria Lucia Luz, op. cit., p. 218. BRUNO, Denise Duarte. Guarda compartilhada. Revista Brasileira de Direito de Familia, Porto Alegre, v. 3, n. 12, p. 27-39, jan./mar. 2002. p. 28. PERES apud BARRETO, Elaine Gomes, op. cit., p. 98. LEITE, Eduardo de Oliveira, op. cit., p. 264. ROMALDINI JuNIOR, Jose Valdemar. Guarda compartilhada. Informativo Juridico Consulex, Brasilia, v. 17, n. 35, p. 7, set. 2003. p. 7. GRISARD FILHO, Waldyr. Guarda compartilhada: um novo modelo de responsabilidade parental. 2. ed. Sao Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 2002. p. 115. GRISARD FILHO, Waldyr. Guarda Compartilhada Quem Melhor para Decidir? Sao Paulo: Pai Legal, 2002. Disponivel em: . Acesso em: 17 mar 2010. ATKINSON apud SILVA, Ana Maria Milano, op. cit., p. 108-109. NICK, Sergio Eduardo. Guarda compartilhada: um novo enfoque no cuidado aos filhos de pais separados ou divorciados. In: BARRETO, Vicente (Org.). A nova familia: problemas eperspectivas. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 1997, p. 137, 150-151. CANEZIN, Claudete Carvalho, CANEZIN, Claudete Carvalho. Da guarda compartilhada em oposicao a guarda unilateral. Revista Brasileira do Direito de Familia, Sao Paulo, n. 28, p. 13. CASABONA, Marcial Barreto. Guarda compartilhada. Sao Paulo: Quartier Latin do Brasil,2006, p. 246. LEIRIA, Maria Lucia Luz. Guarda compartilhada: a dificil passagem da teoria a pratica. Ajuris, Porto Alegre, v. 26, n. 78, p. 217-229, jun. 2000. BARRUFFINI, Frederico Liserre. A Lei nÂÂ º 11.698/2008 e a guarda compartilhada. Primeiras consideracoes sobre acertos e desacertos. Jus Navigandi, Teresina, ano 12, n. 1841, 16 jul. 2008. Disponivel em: https://jus2.uol.com.br/doutrina/texto.asp?id=11501. Acesso em: 10 abr. 2010 MURAD, Felipe AntÃÆ'Â ´nio. Guarda compartilhada. Alfenas: Faculdade de Direito/Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano. 2008.

Adolf Hitler Mein Kampf, Nation And Race - 1108 Words

Hamin Lee Dr. Jennifer Mills College Writing Dec 11, 2014 Adolf Hitler: Mein Kampf, Nation and Race Adolf Hitler was born in Austria, on April 20, 1889. He was the fourth child of the six children from Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl. When Adolf was three years old, his whole family moved into Germany. In his young age, he had many arguments with his father until he became detached and introverted when his young brother died in 1900. (HistoryLearningSite, 2014) Adolf was interested in fine arts than business, so when his father died in 1903, he moved into Vienna and became a watercolor painter. When he was interested in fine arts, he became a nationalist for Germany. He applied to Academy of fine art twice, but he received rejection both times. When he was out of money, he went to a Homeless shelter for several years. Some people say that during the time in the Homeless shelter, Adolf became Anti – Semitism. (HistoryLearningSite, 2014) After some years, Adolf applied to German army, and got accepted in 1914 as an Austrian citizen. He wa s on the Front Line in the Army, but he was very brave. As a nationalist for Germany, when Marxists and civilian leaders surrendered for WWI, Adolf felt betrayed, but he did not quit being an officer. He was interested in the German worker’s party (DAP), and joined in 1919. Soon, he became the chairman for the party, which the name changed to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP). (Bio, 2014) Hitler’s speeches attractedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Adolf Hitler596 Words   |  3 PagesAdolf Hitler Anger and hatred can be produced with such little integrity it is frightening. Adolf Hitler’s work, Mein Kampf, is filled with such fury and abhorrence. Millions of people bought into his ideas without even stopping to question the validity of his work. 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Financial Detective Free Essays

Company A is most likely Johnson Johnson, while company B is probably Pfizer. The reading mentions that they have a large over-the-counter section which would make sense considering Johnson Johnson are known for their over-the-counter pharmaceuticals. Company B is probably Pfizer because they are known for high research and development costs and offering various prescription drugs. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Detective or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Beta for Pfizer is .85, and as a measure of volatile risk this makes sense because of high research and development costs for new pharmaceutical drugs. I believe that Company C is Paragraph 1, which is  Anheuser-Busch. This would fit the description that the firm owns â€Å"a number of beer related businesses, such as snack and aluminum container manufacturing and several major theme parks.† Company D is paragraph 2 and it is uncertain which firm this it. It is definitely most likely a smaller IPO style type of Brewery which can be reflected in 16 on net fixed assets. Paragraph 2 is most likely Company E. This company is most likely Apple because they mention a compelling founder which might very well be Steve Jobs. Also, the net profit margin and turn over ratio are very high which would accurately reflect Apple’s recent success. Company F is most likely the first paragraph and probably Dell Corporation. This is because of â€Å"built-to-order† PCs, which sounds like Dells business strategy. This strategy also allows Dell to have a high inventory turnover and keep smaller amount of inventories on hand. Paragraph two is most likely Company G which is probably Amazon.com. Amazon.com became profitable in 2004 and because this assignment was created in 2005 it makes sense when it says â€Å"The firm has only recently become profitable.† Company H is most likely paragraph 1 and probably Barnes and noble. This is because Barnes and Noble would need more inventories on hand which would go hand-in-hand with the large inventory percentage. Company I is most likely paragraph 2 which may refer to Wausau Paper. Wausau paper seems to be describes when they say â€Å"The other firm is a small producer of printing, writing, and technical specialty papers, as well as towel and tissue products.† Company J is Paragraph 1, which I believe is Weyerhaeuser Company Limited, because Weyerhaeuser fits the description of â€Å"One company is the world’s largest maker of paper, paperboard, and packaging.† They are also one of the largest private owners of timberland in the world which could be the reason why they have large current asset and net fixed asset ratio. Company K is most likely paragraph 1. Because it is less specialized, it would have a smaller Gross profit margin that paragraph 2. Also, it would have higher liabilities at 71.8 compared to 51.5 for paragraph 2. Company L is most likely paragraph 2 because the lower liabilities and higher gross profit margin are indicative of a company that is more specialized. I believe that company M is paragraph 1, which is Costco. Costco fits the description of â€Å"The company is known for its low prices, breadth of merchandise, and volume-oriented strategy.† Net fixed assets would be substantial, as indicated by the data at 57% because  of its large and expanding network of distribution centers and stores. I believe company N is the second paragraph and is the company Target. Target fits the description of an upscale discount chain. Target issues credit to qualified customers, which could explain the 17% of total assets. I believe Company O is the second Paragraph, which is Lee Enterprises. Intangibles make up a large percentage of total assets, which would explain the significant amount of goodwill. The company also has low SGA expenses which is probably because of its decentralization policy. I believe paragraph one is Company P, which is the New York Times. The companies’ high SGA expenses are indicative of how it’s a diversified media company and does business around the world. Analysis Health Products Company A is most likely Johnson Johnson, while company B is probably Pfizer. The reading mentions that they have a large over-the-counter section which would make sense considering Johnson Johnson are known for their over-the-counter pharmaceuticals. They are shipped around the world to many distributors in massive quantities. The cost of goods for Johnson and Johnson 23.9 which is significantly larger than Pfizers. This could be because Johnson and Johnson makes many different products and they are made of numerous constituents. Johnson Johnson manufactures large amounts of goods that they know they’re going to turnover because people are going to purchase them quicker and there is a steady and consistent demand for them. This would make the turnover ratio for Johnson and Johnson 3.08 make sense compared to the lesser turnover ratio of .93 for Pfizer. Johnson and Johnson would also more likely have more manufacturing facilities because of their diverse array of goods. Also unlike Pfizer, Johnson Johnson did not get rid of a large part of their non-pharmaceutical goods, so it would make sense that the net fixed assets are larger with Johnson and Johnson Company B Company B is probably Pfizer because they are known for high research and  development costs and offering various prescription drugs. The Beta for Pfizer is .85, and as a measure of volatile risk this makes sense because of high research and development costs for new pharmaceutical drugs. Also Pfizer would have high intangibles at 46% of assets due to the aforementioned large research and development budget. Pfizer is not very liquid which would give it a low current assets ratio. It does not have much cash because the budget is put into RD. Because high research and development is spent on research and development, the price of pharmaceuticals are high. However, Pfizer’s actual production isn’t very expensive which would make Pfizer’s cost of goods sold low relative to the Johnson Johnson. High Research and development would also cause high amounts of debt incurred and the total debt to total assets ratio would also be higher. Beer Company C I believe that Company C is Paragraph 1, which is Anheuser-Busch. This would fit the description that the firm owns â€Å"a number of beer related businesses, such as snack and aluminum container manufacturing and several major theme parks.† This would also account for the large percentage of fixed assets which is nearly 54.7 percent. Also their cost of goods sold would be higher at 53.9, than the other company because of the expensive marketing implementation strategies Anheuser-Busch has. Company D Company D is paragraph 2 and it is uncertain which firm this it. It is definitely most likely a smaller IPO style type of Brewery which can be reflected in 16 on net fixed assets. Also they have much fewer liabilities at .7 (compared to 9.5 for Anheuser) because they are smaller and have less things to pay out. Computers Company E Paragraph 2 is most likely Company E. This company is most likely Apple because they mention a compelling founder which might very well be Steve Jobs. Also, the net profit margin and turn over ratio are very high which would accurately reflect Apple’s recent success. Also, the retail strategy described as â€Å"aggressive† and â€Å"meant to drive traffic through its stores and to expand its installed base of customers by showcasing its products in a user-friendly retail atmosphere† seems like it is very Apple-esque. Company F is most likely the first paragraph and probably Dell Corporation. This is because of â€Å"built-to-order† PCs, which sounds like Dells business strategy. This strategy also allows Dell to have a high inventory turnover and keep smaller amount of inventories on hand. In turn, this style of business should technically speaking allow for more liquid. Dell would also possess high liquidity which would reflect the current and quick ratios to be high as seen on the Common-Sized Financial Data and Ratios chart. Books and Music Company G Paragraph two is most likely Company G which is probably Amazon.com. Amazon.com became profitable in 2004 and because this assignment was created in 2005 it makes sense when it says â€Å"The firm has only recently become profitable.† Usually online manufacturers have high-turnover ratios to compensate for enhanced competition in the marketplace, which would make sense as to why Company G’s asset turnover is low. Also inventory should be relatively low because they are an online company and everything is ordered and shipped in a relatively quick fashion. Because they don’t actually manufacture anything (except the kindle) and they’re competitive edge is extremely low pricing, they probably have low profit margins, as the data indicates. The high debt to asset ratio of 59.94 is also indicative of a company that is highly leveraged. As aforementioned, Amazon just recently became profitable, and they borrowed a lot to repay for facilities and other expenses. Do to limited income they did incur a lot of debt so this would make sense. Company H Company H is most likely paragraph 1 and probably Barnes and noble. This is because Barnes and Noble would need more inventories on hand which would go  hand-in-hand with the large inventory percentage. They need a lot of books in stock and more on hand in the stores and warehouses than an online retailer would need. Also the low profit margin is indicative of a company like Barnes and Noble because they pay full price on shipping and storage costs since they are a standard retailer, thus minimizing profits. Paper Products Company I Company I is most likely paragraph 2 which may refer to Wausau Paper. Wausau paper seems to be describes when they say â€Å"The other firm is a small producer of printing, writing, and technical specialty papers, as well as towel and tissue products.† Wausau being a smaller company would have much lower inventories percentage than company J, which is indicated by the data. Also Wausau owns very little timberland which causes them to purchase their wood fiber on the open market. This could explain why they have a lower fixed asset percentage. Because their wood is purchased on the open market, they would have higher long-term debt and liabilities. Company J Company J is Paragraph 1, which I believe is Weyerhaeuser Company Limited, because Weyerhaeuser fits the description of â€Å"One company is the world’s largest maker of paper, paperboard, and packaging.† They are also one of the largest private owners of timberland in the world which could be the reason why they have large current asset and net fixed asset ratio. Also, a company like Weyerhaeuser would have a large amount of fixed assets indicated by the large fixed asset ratio, because of substantial timberland ownership. Also, because they are a huge firm, and have a lot of paper products on hand, it makes sense that they have a large amount of current assets. Tools Company K is most likely paragraph 1. Because it is less specialized, it would have a smaller Gross profit margin that paragraph 2. Also, it would have higher liabilities at 71.8 compared to 51.5 for paragraph 2. Company L is most likely paragraph 2 because the lower liabilities and higher gross profit margin are indicative of a company that is more specialized. Retailers Company M I believe that company M is paragraph 1, which is Costco. Costco fits the description of â€Å"The company is known for its low prices, breadth of merchandise, and volume-oriented strategy.† Net fixed assets would be substantial, as indicated by the data at 57% because of its large and expanding network of distribution centers and stores. Because the company has a volume oriented strategy, with large quantities of stock and customers, it would have a larger turnover of 7.69 comparative to the company in paragraph 2, which has a turnover ratio of 5.86. Many customers pay with credit at Costco, with members paying with their Costco card, which would explain the very high Receivables turnover at 192.73. Because Costco is focused on Mass selling they also have a low quick ratio of .17. Company N I believe company N is the second paragraph and is the company Target. Target fits the description of an upscale discount chain. Target issues credit to qualified customers, which could explain the 17% of total assets. Target comparative to Costco has a higher current assets ratio, which is 1.69. This is because Target has many current assets to cover its current liabilities. Newspapers Company O I believe Company O is the second Paragraph, which is Lee Enterprises. Intangibles make up a large percentage of total assets, which would explain the significant amount of goodwill. The company also has low SGA expenses which is probably because of its decentralization policy. Local branches also allow for personal connections with their customers, which would give it a higher turnover rate. Small town newspapers don’t have much competition, and therefore don’t have to lower their prices or spend a lot on marketing. Therefore, the company’s net profit margin would be relatively high. Company P I believe paragraph one is Company P, which is the New York Times. The companies’ high SGA expenses are indicative of how it’s a diversified media company and does business around the world. The New York Times has a lot of competition and therefore has to keep prices low. This is shown in the relatively lower net profit margin. Also, The New York Times constructed new headquarters in 2005 which is shown on the financials through the high percentage of net fixed assets on the common-sized balance sheet. How to cite Financial Detective, Papers Financial Detective Free Essays professional users and sells them through its own technical representatives and mobile franchise dealers. The global manufacturer would be company L because they would have higher selling, general and administrative costs, in this case 38. 9 compared to 24. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Detective or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8. The company with the specialized tools from mobile franchise would have higher cost of goods sold, in this case 61. 0 compared to 51. 6. Retail Both companies are large discount retailers. One company carries a wide variety of nationally advertised general merchandise. The other company is a rapidly growing chain of upscale discount stores and has partnerships with several leading designers. The company with partnerships with the designers is company M because it has intangibles of 9. 0 compared to the general merchandise discount company which has intangibles of 0. 6 making it company N. Newspapers One company is a diversified media company that generates most of its revenues through newspaper sales around the country and around the world. The other company owns a number of newspapers in small communities and this company has significant goodwill on its balance sheet. Company O is the company that owns a number of newspapers as they have intangibles of 76,8 compared to company P, which is the world newspaper company and has intangibles of 37. 1. Health ProductsBeer ABCD Accounts Payable9. 82. 2Stockholders’ Equity16. 572. 9 Inventory turnover3. 080. 93Current Assets11. 281. 7 Intangibles22. 246. 1Cost of Good Sold53. 938. 5 SG expense44. 546. 7Cash ST investments1. 455. 6 SG expense17. 350. ComputersBooks Music EFGH SG expense9. 723. 1SG expense16. 921. 8 Intangible Assets01. 2Depreciation1. 13. 7 Inventory21. 3Inventory14. 838. 6 Accounts Payable38. 318Cash ST Investments54. 816. 2 Current Liabilities60. 933. 3Quick Ratio00. 46 Inventory Turnover13. 562. 42 PaperTools IJKL Intangibles14. 61. 9SG Expense3948. 4 Cost of Goods Sold6151. 6 Receivables Turnover18. 923. 7 RetailNewspaper MNOP Intangibles90. 6Intan gibles76. 837. 1 Receivables Turnover24. 516. 7SG Expense2339. 7 Net Fixed Assets14. 134. 6 Stockholders’ Equity62. 535. 5 How to cite Financial Detective, Essay examples

Access Extra Support or Services to Enable Individuals to Communicate Effectively Essay Sample free essay sample

There will be times when excess support is needed to hold meaningful communicating with a kid or and grownup to run into their demands of affectional communicating. In Hounslow we have great support services to back up kids and grownups with communicating jobs. Children centres in Hounslow support households and can direct households to other agency’s In my country of Feltham we have Alf Kings which parents can go to bead Immigration and Naturalization Services. staff at children’s Centres can convey support into the Centre to back up households. Translation and interpretation services can be brought into the Centre. many paperss in Hounslow are printed in a figure of different linguistic communications to besides assist households. Contemplations have bead Immigration and Naturalization Services on a Thursday afternoon for hearing and ocular impaired kids. Friday Group at Belvadere House is unfastened to childminders and we can hold support from the early old ages squad at that place. Support ServicessHounslow has a broad scope of Central Support Services that form an built-in portion of the instruction proviso in the Borough. As a diverse borough with kids and parents with many different educational demands Hounslow’s instruction Services purpose to provide for pupil’s single and specialist development in their learning attainment. every bit good as supplying support and advice for learning staff in schools. These services consist of specializer experienced teaching staff and LA officers who work collaboratively in a scope of ways. both in-school and on an single degree. For more information on each service please chink on the links below: Teacher’s Support Services ( TSS )Drawn-out SchoolsEducational Psychology ServiceHounslow Traveller Education ServiceHounslow Music Service The Teacher’s Support Services ( TSS )The TSS purposes to back up the inclusion of students with particular educational demands and enable entree to larning chances. The service consists of six specialist squads offering a broad scope of expertness. support and advice to early old ages scenes. schools. parents. governors and the LEA on all facets of inclusion and particular educational demands. The Behaviour Support Team ( BST ) The BST works collaboratively with schools to develop an inclusive attack for the direction of students sing emotional and behavioral troubles. They work closely with schools and other bureaus to better whole-school behaviour direction systems and to supply single and group support for students and parents. Early Old ages Team ( EYT )The Early Years Team supports staff and SEN kids in Early Old ages scenes. The squad consists of Specialist Nursery Teachers. Area Special Educational Needs Co-Coordinators ( SENCOs ) and an Early Old ages Adviser for Social. Communication and Behavioural Difficulties. These members of staff work together and with schools and parents utilizing resources and individualized programmes to back up kids and assist them accomplish successful larning results. Hearing Impairment Team ( HIT )HIT advise on all degrees and types of hearing loss and on kids who may hold a hearing trouble. The Team works with schools staff. parents and kids every bit good as professionals from other Education and Health bureaus. Learning Support Team ( LST )The LST works with schools to advance the successful inclusion of all students sing troubles with acquisition. The squad offers support. advice and INSET on appraisal. the planning of effectual programmes. course of study distinction and the usage of appropriate resources. Physical Disability Team ( PDT )The PDT offers a back uping function to schools in the inclusion of students with a physical disablement and/or medical status and those students with all right or gross motor accomplishments troubles. The squad can supply information on diagnosing. educational deductions and schoolroom direction. Ocular Impairment Team ( VIT )The Visual Impairment Team consists of instructors specially qualified to work with kids who have a ocular damage For more information about any of the squads within the Teacher’s Support Service delight visit World Wide Web. hvec. org. uk or contact Hounslow Education Centre on 020 8583 4189. Drawn-out SchoolsAn Drawn-out School is one that provides a scope of services and activities during and beyond the school twenty-four hours to assist run into the demands and wants of its students. households and the local community. Children’s Centres are portion of the wider Extended Schools Vision. They aim to supply high quality instruction and child care in the Early Old ages and excessively support households with really immature kids. Family and Community TeamThe Family and Community Team offers a scope of support to schools to heighten acquisition and the elevation of attainment by working in effectual partnership with parents and the community. The squad consists of dedicated instructors and officers and works with cardinal sites in order to develop a community Centre attack to larning. To happen our more about Extended Schools or the Family and Community Team delight visit World Wide Web. hvec. org. uk or reach the Hounslow Early Years Development and Childcare Partnership at World Wide Web. heydcp. org. United Kingdom Educational Psychology Service ( EPS )Hounslow’s Educational Psychology Service works with schools to supply psychological audiences and advice on both an person and organizational degree. The service consists of qualified experient instructors with recognized preparation in Educational Psychology. The EPS is able to develop Individual Education Plans and put realistic marks for students whilst assisting to be after and implement school undertakings and policies. The Service can assist with concerns about a child’s development and acquisition that may affect behavior. literacy. numeracy. sensory or other troubles. The EPS works with the school’s Special Educational Needs Coordinators ( SENCOs ) where appropriate and besides with parents and learning staff to help the kid in their acquisition attainment and development. For more information about The Educational Psychology Service delight name 020 8583 2800. Hounslow Traveller Education ServiceThe Hounslow Traveller Education Service exists to function the educational demands of all Traveller students who live in or come into Hounslow. Traveller households from many different cultural backgrounds have been present and frequent in the borough for several coevalss. The DfES have defined those included in this group and the service is jointly funded under the Traveller Achievement Grant from the Standards Fund and the London Borough of Hounslow. The Team consists of learning staff who carry out in-service work in schools. appraisal and proviso for the demands of Traveller students. supported distance-learning work programmes and affair with schools refering absence and support. Hounslow’s policy on Traveller Education is an built-in portion of the borough’s policy on Race Equality and Cultural Diversity. It is informed by national statute law and guidelines published by the DfES and school policy and pattern should reflect the demands of Traveller students. Schools may empower Traveller pupil’s absence when they are satisfied that the household migrates with every purpose of returning. Where Traveller students are registered at a school and known to be present but non attending school. absences should be investigated in the same manner as any other student. Students who do migrate to other countries can go involved in distance acquisition programmes through the Service to guarantee their learning attainment and instruction continues in line with the course of study. For more information about Hounslow Traveller Service delight visit World Wide Web. hvec. org. uk or name 020 8583 4185/6. Hounslow Music ServiceHounslow Music Service is committed to run intoing the musical demands of the immature people of the Borough. It provides instrumental and vocal lessons to over 2500 students hebdomadally in single and little group lessons. For the developing kid. music has a broad scope of benefits. Learning an instrument has been shown to better concentration. co-ordination. assurance and communicating accomplishments. Research suggests that is stimulates the whole acquisition procedure ensuing in the kid achieving higher Markss in a scope of other topics. The Music Service offer tuition at all degrees of vocal. orchestral. set and a wider scope of other instruments. Lessons are taught at primary or secondary schools and besides at The Specialist Music School located at The Green School. Isleworth. For more information about Hounslow Music Service delight visit hypertext transfer protocol: //www. hvec. org. uk/HMS/ call 020 8583 2970 or e-mail [ electronic mail protected ]/*

Introduction to Sexuality Studies for Health Policy-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction to Sexuality Studies for Health Policy. Answer: Lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) people are divided into various parts according to their characteristics such as age, gender, culture, race, caste, income, and residential status. Even being considerably different from each other, most LGB people face similar stressful circumstances throughout the world, such as discrimination, humiliation, rejection, prejudice, and violence (Jetten et al. 2001). This essay will examine various stressors meet by LGB people over the world due to their sexuality. The essay will analyse two readings, first by Ilan H. Meyer Mary E. Northridge (2007), 242-267, called The health of sexual minorities: Public health perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender populations. The second reading is by Meredith J. Greif F. Nii-Amoo Dodoo (2015), 57-66, called How community physical, structural, and social stressors relate to mental health in the urban slums of Accra, Ghana. The key issues of these reading are relating to the stress faced by LG B people due to their sexuality and its impact on their mental health. Further, the essay will analyse the use of sexuality as a primary analytical category and the psychological problems faced by homosexuals, such as impaired self-image and dissatisfaction with their sexuality, because they are treated with denigration or contempt. According to Meyer Northridge (2007), the LGB people are more likely to suffer mental stress which leads to affective disorders, substance use, and suicide. The developing countries are facing challenges relating to urban health; much research has suggested that poor communities in developing countries are suffering from diseases such as diabetes, respiratory illness, and premature death. Depression is one of the primary contributors to increasing illness in between impoverished communities worldwide (Bird et al. 2010). Further, the issues are relating to use of sexuality as a central analytical category. The essay will provide various arguments regarding cultural sensitivity for different sexuality perspective and discuss the ethical values and cultural competence required for a productive global citizen. The reason for using sexuality as an analytical category is because there is lack of government policies to protect homosexual peoples from prejudice and mental problems. Meyer Northridge (2007) provided in his study that there are particular individualities of minority identity that may be influenced by the stress factors and health outcomes. The minority identities might relate to the mental health caused due to interaction with different stressors. The study suggested that substantial commitment to gay character may increase the influence of stressor which is connected with homosexuality. Meyer Northridge (2007) divided the personality into three parts and provided the individual impact of stressors. The prominence identify may exacerbate the level of homosexuality stress because they are significantly committed towards their status; it augments the effects of the stressor. The valences identities are focused more on self-validation, negative valence are vulnerable towards mental health issues. As per Meyer Dean (1998), while suffering from anti-gay violence issues, positive valence gay men fared better than negative valence gay men. Integration of identity means a combination of different minority identities, as per the research of Crawford et al. (2002); the integration type of personality is related to high positive effects. Meyer (2002) suggested LGB minority stress model which combined the factors regarding stress discussed in this study, the essential parts of this model are coping, genetic backgrounds, personalities, and appraisals. The model provides that minority stress processes include prejudice events against sexualities, the expectancy of denial discrimination, internalised homophobia, and various other stress-ameliorating factors. As per Greif Dodoo (2015), in the case of poor communities in developing countries, there are several urban contexts which adversely influence the mental health of minorities. The elements such as disorder in the city, social conditions, substance abuse, and depression are the critical factors in mental illness of poor community peoples. The result of Greif Dodoo (2015) study provided that people suffered powerlessness more than depression, the issues of people include poverty, unemployment, and poor sanitation. The healthcare policies established by the governmen t did not provide proper remedies relating to depression of poor communities. According to Williamson (2000), these factors influence the mental health of LGB people because there is lack of government disciplinary procedures against the issue. The LGB people face discrimination and prejudice throughout their life, the study of Meyer Northridge (2007) provided that LGB is more likely to suffer from a prejudice event as compared to heterosexual peoples, such as firing from job, discrimination and violate due to their sexuality. Most of the ethical communities did not accept LGB people, and there is lack of government regulations for their protections. These factors adversely affect the mental health of LGB people while leading to higher suicide and psychological problems rates. For increasing the development in urban countries, the government overlooks the health of poor communities. Stafford et al. (2008) depicted that the minorities in metropolitan cities suffer from health, employment, and poverty issues. The rate of depression is considerably high in such developing countries which show the requirement of improved government regulations. The requirement of sexuality as a primary analytical category is significantly useful for this period. As per Mirowsky Ross (1989), the sexuality of people has been a matter of controversies throughout the history. In past few decades, many countries have accepted the sexuality regulations of peoples because of liberal protest conducted by peoples. But, the LGB community still faces various discriminations and prejudice in the society. Most ethnic communities did not accept the homosexuality regulations, and they openly protest against such laws. Crocker Major (1989) provided that only a few developing countries have recognized the right of LGB peoples, and there is still a requirement for global implementation of sexuality regulations. Most of the countries still considered homosexuality as a crime and the LGB people face horrible behaviour from people of such nations. The government should pass rules regarding the protection of LGB peoples, to provide them better opportunities in the society. The government should determine the extent up to which the sexuality as an analytical category should be applied. As a perspective from homosexual people, they suffer challenges while getting a job, higher education, marriage, loans and much more. The analytical category should be used to provide them benefits in employment, education, and marriage. Equal opportunities and better social conditions should be provided to LGB peoples, which can be achieved by dividing them into the analytical category. Better opportunities can improve the mental states of the homosexual peoples (Operario Fiske 2001). In case of developing countries, the requirement of sexuality as an analytical category is significantly essential because most of the homosexual people there suffer from poverty, diseases, depression, discrimination, and mental health issues. As a global citizen, it is necessary that people understand the problems face by LGB community throughout the world and support them. The awareness regarding the right of LGB people is growing every day; many new regulations are introducing by the government to protect their rights. As per DEmilio (1983), a cross-cultural competency should be established to welcome the LGB people into societies, as a global citizen, it is the responsibility of peoples to implement such policy efficiently. References Bird, P., Omar, M., Doku, V., Lund, C., Nsereko, J. R., Mwanza, J. (2010). Increasing the priority of mental health in Africa: findings from qualitative research in Ghana, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia.Health policy and planning,26(5), 357-365. Crawford, I., Allison, K. W., Zamboni, B. D., Soto, T. (2002). The influence of dual?identity development on the psychosocial functioning of African?American gay and bisexual men.Journal of sex research,39(3), 179-189. Crocker, J., Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.Psychological review,96(4), 608. DEmilio, J. (1983). Sexual politics, sexual communities: the making of a homosexual minority in the United States, 19401970. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Greif, M. J., Dodoo, F. N. A. (2015). How community physical, structural, and social stressors relate to mental health in the urban slums of Accra, Ghana.Health place,33, 57-66. Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., Spears, R. (2001). Rebels with a cause: Group identification as a response to perceived discrimination from the mainstream.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,27(9), 1204-1213. Meyer, I. H., Dean, L. (1998). Internalized homophobia, intimacy, and sexual behavior among gay and bisexual men.Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues,4, 160-186. Meyer, I. H., Northridge, M. E. (Eds.). (2007).The health of sexual minorities: Public health perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender populations. Springer Science Business Media. Mirowsky, J., and Ross, C.E. (1989) Social causes of psychological distress. Aldine De Gruyter, Hawthorne, NY. Operario, D., Fiske, S. T. (2001). Ethnic identity moderates perceptions of prejudice: Judgments of personal versus group discrimination and subtle versus blatant bias.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,27(5), 550-561. Stafford, M., De Silva, M., Stansfeld, S., Marmot, M. (2008). Neighbourhood social capital and common mental disorder: testing the link in a general population sample.Health place,14(3), 394-405. Williamson, I. R. (2000). Internalized homophobia and health issues affecting lesbians and gay men.Health education research,15(1), 97-107.