Why Did the Polls Get it Wrong in 1992 Essay Paper Example For Students

For what reason Did the Polls Get it Wrong in 1992? Exposition Paper Assessments of public sentiment assume a significant job in legislative issues, they can be utilized by the Governmentto choose when to call and political race, and, in addition to other things, how their pre-political races are run. Since the commencement of sentiment surveying, from thetime when surveying started to be broadly utilized before a political decision, in 1945, until1987, the last broad political race before 1992, the surveys have on normal beencorrect to inside 1.3% of the vote share between the three driving gatherings, andthe other class (Crewe, 1992, p. 478). This puts all the past opinionpolls well inside the +/ - 3% room for mistakes. As a result of the past exactness ofopinion surveying, the framework has had incredible validity and has consistently beentrusted, both by the general population, and ideological groups. The way surveying forecastscan influence the manner in which individuals vote is extremely emotional, this is on the grounds that they can act natur ally satisfying prediction, in that a few voters like to back the triumphant team,and others just decision in favor of a gathering they feel has a genuine possibility. This wasdemonstrated in 1983, when the Alliance, baffled with the media concentratingonly on their situation in the surveys, released their own private surveys to the press,resulting in a late flood of help (Crewe, 1992, p.478). We will compose a custom paper on Why Did the Polls Get it Wrong in 1992? Paper explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now England for the most part has an a lot more noteworthy number of assessments of public sentiment did than inother nations, this is because of the enormous number of national papers, and theamount of current undertakings programming on TV. The period preceding the1992 general political decision saw an a lot more noteworthy power of assessment surveying than everbefore. During the 29 days between the date of the declaration of the actualelection date, eleventh March, and the political decision date itself, ninth April, there werea aggregate of no under 57 national assessments of public sentiment. The 1992 political race will consistently be recognized as the one the surveyors got wrong,during the lead up to the political race, they practically completely demonstrated Labor in front of theTories. Of the four surveys completed in the two days before the actualelection date, every one of them highlighted a hung parliament; one put theConservatives 0.5% ahead, one put Labor and the Tories in a dead heat, the othertwo demonstrated Labor ahead by a restricted edge (Crewe, 1992, p. 8). On the actualday of the political decision, leave surveys completed by the BBC and ITN both demonstrated therewould be a hung parliament, albeit them two had the Conservatives slightlyahead. They were both not a long way from the genuine Conservative 43%, and Labor 35%,and on the off chance that they had anticipated utilizing a uniform swing presumption, they would have beenvery near the genuine outcome. In any case, they balanced the figures as they weresuspicious of the outcomes being so out of sigh t line with the mornings surveys. The surveys were not their regularly high closeness' place to the genuine outcomes forone, or both, of two expansive reasons. Right off the bat there more likely than not been a lateswing of unsure voters to Conservative, or furthermore, that the surveys that werecarried out were all off base, clearly for the equivalent or comparative reasons. Taking a gander at the primary clarification, the hypothesis that there was a late swing ofundecided voters in the kindness of the Tories, this would have implied that thepolling organizations had all been right at that point. In any case, this, in itself, couldnot conceivably have represented the inaccuracy of the surveys. The swing wouldhave must be in the request for 4%, which is extraordinarily high. In spite of the fact that therewere an excellent number of undecideds just before the political decision, and itwas apparent from the post political decision review studies that there was a late swingtowards the Tories (Crewe, 1992, p. 485). .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 , .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .postImageUrl , .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 , .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:hover , .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:visited , .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:active { border:0!important; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:active , .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:hover { murkiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4 a94b1b423c9338 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u88d845a54bf63176f4a94b1b423c9338:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Beowulf Society EssayBefore we can take a gander at the subsequent clarification, that the surveys were just wrong,we should take a gander at where the 1992 surveys contrasted from the past, remarkablyaccurate surveys. Surveying rehearses had not changed much from earlier years, norhad the style of the surveying, the inquiries, tests, and so forth. One explanation that hasbeen set forward is that the surveys didnt watch that individuals were qualified tovote or not, this may have caused significant errors in the result of thepolls. The explanation this may have caused such a major issue is, that a ton ofpeople may have partaken in as sessments of public sentiment when they were not enlisted tovote, this is on the grounds that they were abstaining from covering survey charge. As a rule thepeople dodging the survey charge along these lines were Labor voters, which could explainwhy the gauge surveys demonstrated Labor ahead of the pack. Then again some peoplemay have imagined that essentially paying their survey charge qualified them for vote, anddid not really register. There were reports of many individuals being turnedaway from surveying stations, as they were not enrolled, this was especiallytrue at surveying stations close to board homes, again this is the place there wouldbe a lion's share of Labor voters (Crewe, 1992, p.487). A Granada TV review ofunregistered voters, found that of those talked with, 42% would have votedLabour, contrasted with 21% Conservative. Some have said that another explanation forthe surveys errors was on the grounds that they didnt consider abroad voters,but these are in irrelevant n umbers (on normal 50 for each voting public, 0.07% ofelectorate). Another valid justification for the surveys mistakes is that, as one feature writer put it,we are turning into a country of liars. This is on the grounds that many individuals simplylied to supposition surveyors. It is accepted most of the individuals who did thiswere Conservative voters, who on account of the disgrace factor didnt likeadmitting that they casted a ballot Tory. Additionally, there could have been an unmistakable quality ofConservative voters who didnt need to disclose their vote to surveyors. Thesecould have represented up to 5% of voters (Crewe, 1992, p. 487). Additionally it isargued that a portion of the electorate partaking in assessments of public sentiment lied about theirvote to communicate their perspectives on specific issues, yet at the same time needing to decide in favor of adifferent party; for instance, an individual who really casted a ballot Tory could have toldopinion surveyors that they were going to decide in favor of the Green Party on the grounds that theyare worried about green issues. This would, in principle, have caused theConservatives to stress over the notoriety of the Green Party, and center moreon ecological issues. This sort of thing would have influenced the exactness ofthe assessments of public sentiment. The way that some Conservative voters would lie when confronted with an opinionpollsters questions does in any case not clarify away the way that exit pollsunderestimated the real Tory lead. This is on the grounds that these were done bya mystery polling form, so a disgraceful Tory would not have needed to recount their voteface-to-look with somebody. Along these lines, the leave surveys ought to have been far moreaccurate that the conjecture surveys. This disparity is conceivably in light of the fact that theexit surveys were done at a determination of surveying stations that did notreflect the country appropriately in general. for example there was a lower extent ofcouncil inhabitants met in leave surveys than there are in the all out electorate. All in all, I accept that the disappointment of the assessments of public sentiment to accuratelypredict the result of the political race is a blend of both a very late swing ofundecided voters towards the Conservatives, as was obvious from extremely late polls,and follow-up reviews, and a precise underestimation of the Conservative lead,due to the previously mentioned disgrace factor; and furthermore an overestimation of Laboursposition, because of the survey charge, as clarified previously. .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e , .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e .postImageUrl , .ue5c8317e47e9487906bd425965e70f4e .focused content region { min-hei

Deaf Culture Paper Free Essays

To all the more likely acknowledge what Deaf culture is, let’s go to a restricting perspective and investigate what Deaf culture isn't. There are the individuals who demand there is nothing of the sort as Deaf culture. A few people will contend that deafness is just an incapacity, a handicap that must be fixed. We will compose a custom paper test on Hard of hearing Culture Paper or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Getting this handicap â€Å"fixed† may include rehashed visits to an audiologist, getting fitted for portable hearing assistants, going to various language instruction meetings, or in any event, experiencing medical procedure to get a cochlear embed. This is what’s called the neurotic way to deal with deafness. It centers around what’s wrongâ€the failure to hearâ€and uses various mechanical and restorative methodologies to tackle the issue. The achievement of this methodology differs from individual to person. For some nearly deaf or late-stunned individuals, innovation might be an invited expansion that permits them to keep working in their preferred realm. â€Å"Deafness is an incapacity that is so one of a kind, its very nature makes a culture rise up out of it. Investment in this culture is intentional. † There have been various Deaf distributions throughout the years, for example, Silent News, DeafNation, SIGNews, Deaf Life, and the sky is the limit from there. There are likewise lists crammed with books composed by Deaf writers covering a wide scope of themes. A portion of these books incorporate intriguing records of Deaf history and old stories. We’ve been honored with various Deaf performing specialists, for example, Clayton Valli, Patrick Graybill, Bernard Bragg, Mary Beth Miller, Freda Norman, Gil Eastman, Peter Cook, C. J. Jones, Nathie Marbury, Evelyn Zola, The Wild Zappers, Rathskellar, and some more. In hearing society, it is impolite to gaze. In any case, in Deaf culture, gazing is vital. On the off chance that you look away while an individual is marking to you, you are extraordinarily inconsiderate. That’s like stopping your ears when somebody is addressing you. In hearing society, outward appearance is extremely restricted. On the off chance that you move your face or body a great deal while you are talking, you can be viewed as â€Å"weird† (and no one needs to be peculiar). In any case, in Deaf culture, outward appearance and body development is required for ASL. It’s part of ASL sentence structure. It’s OK to be â€Å"weird† in Deaf culture†¦ it’s typical! What's more, totally fundamental. In hearing society, you typically present yourself by your first name as it were. Hard of hearing individuals, nonetheless, present themselves by their complete names, and now and then even what city they’re from or what school they went to. By city, I mean the city you experienced childhood in, not what city you are at present living in. Also, by school I normally mean a private school you joined in. The Deaf people group is extremely little, and Deaf individuals like to locate those particular shared traits with one another. Men are bound to create hearing misfortune or complete deafness than ladies. About 20% of Americans have announced some level of hearing misfortune. 2-3 kids out of 1,000 are brought into the world hard of hearing each year. 9/10 kids with a level of hearing misfortune are conceived from hearing guardians. 1 out of 5 individuals who’d advantage from listening devices; really wear them. Around 4,000 instances of unexpected deafness happen every year. 10-15 percent of unexpected deafness patients know how they lost their hearing. The most effective method to refer to Deaf Culture Paper, Essay models

Aes Case Solution Essays

Aes Case Solution Essays Aes Case Solution Paper Aes Case Solution Paper 1. How might you assess the capital planning strategy utilized verifiably by AES? What’s great and terrible about it? â€Å"When AES embraced basically local agreement age ventures where the danger of changes to info and yield costs was insignificant, an undertaking money system was utilized. † Usually, venture account structure is utilized when the undertaking has unsurprising incomes, which can without much of a stretch speak to working focuses through express agreement. At the point when incomes are sureness, the organization can have more elevated level of influence and it is simpler to isolate venture resources from the parent organization. Focal points and Disadvantages: ) Advantages a. Boost Leverage b. Shaky Sheet Treatment c. Office Cost d. Multilateral Financial Institutions 2) Disadvantages a. Ventures V/S Division b. Multifaceted nature c. Macroeconomic Risk d. Political Risk: 2. In the event that Venerus actualizes the recommended philosophy, what might be the scope of rebate rates that AES would use far and wide? On the off chance that Venerus and AES actualize the recommended technique, the ventures would change while WACC changes. To discover WACC we should initially compute the utilized wagers for each the US Red Oak and Lal Plr Pakistan ventures, utilizing the condition unleveled beta/(1-D/V). It is anything but difficult to track down obligation to capital proportions, which are 39. 5% for U. S and 35. 1% for Pakistan, and the unleveled beta, which are both 0. 25, in Exhibit 7a and 7b. At that point we can acquire an utilized beta for the U. S. , 0. 41, and for Pakistan, 0. 3852. Second we should discover the hazard free and hazard premium rates. Since all obligations are money in U. S. dollar, we utilize the hazard free rate, which is equivalent to U. S. T-bill, and hazard premium rate, which is equivalent to U. S. hazard premium, to figure the expense of capital for all nations. Utilizing condition cost of capital = Risk Free Rate + turned beta * Risk Premium, we can get the expense of capital for U. S. venture, 7. 27%, and for Pakistan venture, 7. 2%. After that we should discover the expense of obligation. Utilizing the equation hazard free rate + default spread, we can get the expense of obligation for both U. S. undertaking and Pakistan venture are 8. 07% (4. 5%+3. 47%), in which both U. S. venture and Pakistan venture have an equivalent spread, 3. 47%. To alter we include the sovereign hazard into computation. In Exhibit 7a, the sovereign hazard for the U. S. is 0% yet for Pakistan is 9. 9%. We in this manner get the new assessment of the expense of capital and cost of obligation, which are consistent for U. S. what's more, ascent to 17. 1% and 17. 97% for Pakistan. At long last we ascertain the WACC. The equation is utilized beta * (cost of capital) + Debt to capital * (cost of obligation) * (1-charge rate). At that point we get for the U. S. WACC= 6. 48% and for Pakistan WACC= 15. 93%. At long last, we ought to change the WACC with its hazard score. Since everything is determined in U. S. dollar, the U. S. hazard score is 0. So the U. S. ventures WACC is consistent. The Pakistan chance premium is 1. 425. So the change is 1. 25 * 500= 705bp = 7. 05%. In this manner, we get the last Pakistan WACC, which is 23. 08% (15. 93%+7. 05%). Taking everything into account, the distinction between the U. S. what's more, Pakistan ventures is 16. 60%. Clearly, the U. S. venture looks considerably more great. 3. Does this bode well as an approach to do capital planning? The money rela ted procedure utilized by AES was verifiably founded on venture fund. The model functioned admirably in the local market and in the worldwide tasks. Be that as it may, when AES began its expansion of business, it needed to face to expanding even dangers, for example, business hazard. What's more, venture account did exclude the danger of downgrading of money in creating economies which brought about noteworthy misfortunes because of the powerlessness of the organization to endure its worldwide obligation commitments. What's more, AES ought to likewise focus on political hazard. Henceforth we see that the topographical broadening of business made undertaking financing less recommendable as a balanced hazard turns out to be increasingly show. 4. What is the estimation of the Pakistan venture utilizing the expense of capital got from the new technique? In the event that this undertaking was situated in the U. S. what might its worth be? So as to figure the estimation of venture for the Lal Pir venture in Pakistan, we first need to compute the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) utilizing the new proposed technique. The initial step is to ascertain the estimation of turned ?. The estimation of the turned ? comes out to be 38. 52%, which basically implies that our undertaking isn't profoundly related to the market return. Utilizing this estimation of ? we currently figure the expense of Equity. We have utilized the arrival on U. S. Treasury Bond, which is 4. 5%, as the hazard free return. The expense of value comes out to be 7. % and also, utilizing the hazard free return and the default spread we compute the expense of obligation which comes out to be 8. 07%. Note that the expense of obligation and the expense of value additionally should be balanced for the sovereign spread. When we have the balanced expenses of value and capital, the WACC comes out to be 15. 93%. Be that as it may, presently we have to change this WACC for the dangers related with doing the venture in Pakistan. As referenced partially 2, we get last WACC 23. 08%, which lead us to figure NPV from the year 2004 to 2023. Also, it is - $234. 34 million. For U. S. , first we see the sovereign spread is equivalent to zero. Also, for this situation we would need to ascertain the business chance utilizing the data given in Exhibit 7a. This score comes out to be 0. 64 and utilizing this score, our business hazard comes out to be 3. 23% and adding it to determined estimation of WACC, we get our last WACC of 9. 64%. Utilizing this we compute our NPV for USA which comes out to be - $35. 92 million. 5. How does the balanced expense of capital for the Pakistan venture mirror the probabilities of genuine occasions? What does the rebate rate change suggest about desires for the venture since it is situated in Pakistan and not the U. S.? To compute the balanced expense of capital, we ought to change six regular sorts of dangers: Operational, Counterparty, Regulatory, Construction, Commodity, Currency and Legal. In Pakistan, it is conceivable to meet every one of these dangers with the exception of development. Furthermore, the most elevated likelihood is the lawful hazard. At the point when we compute the WACC for Pakistan through customary equation it comes out to be 15. 93%, anyway so as to join the hazard factor related with Pakistan we have to alter it for the Total Risk Score, which for this situation is 1. 425. So we have to change our WACC 23. 08%. As referenced before the markdown rate is balanced dependent on the complete hazard score of the nation. This absolute hazard score is arranged from 6 principle sorts of dangers, the likelihood of which differs from nation to nation. While money, administrative and lawful dangers are fundamentally high in Pakistan, the operational, counterparty and product dangers are higher in U. S.. So also when gone to the balanced WACC for Pakistan (23. 08%) and WACC for U. S. (6. 48%), we can infer that Pakistan is a lot less secure to contribute than the U. S..

Vitiligo Essay Example

Vitiligo Essay Vitiligo is an ailment that makes the skin lose shading. A few people build up a couple of spots that may help or turn totally white. Others can have far reaching loss of skin shading. Vitiligo can create on any piece of the body yet usually starts on hands, lower arms, feet, or face. Its absolutely impossible to foresee how much shading an individual will lose. Vitiligo happens when melanocytes, the cells reliable for skin pigmentation, kick the bucket or can't work in view of immune system issue, hereditary, oxidative pressure, neural, or viral causes. As the cells pass on, a territory of skin or hair turns white on the grounds that the cells no longer make color. Individuals who create vitiligo typically first notification white fixes on their skin. These patches are all the more regularly found on sun-uncovered territories of the body, including the hands, feet, arms, face, and lips. Other normal zones for white patches to show up are the around the mouth, eyes, nostrils, and navel. There are numerous medicines to improve the presence of the influenced skin including, however not restricted to skin uniting and rankle joining. Self-care steps, for example, utilizing sunscreen and applying corrective cover cream, may improve the presence of your skin. For lighter looking people, abstaining from tanning can make the territories practically unnoticeable. We will compose a custom article test on Vitiligo explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Vitiligo explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Vitiligo explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Treatment for vitiligo may take up to six to year and a half, and you may need to attempt more than one treatment before you locate the one that works best for you. Works Cited 1. Mayo Clinic Staff. Treatment and Drugs. Http://www. mayoclinic. com/wellbeing/vitiligo/. Ayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 21 Apr. 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2010. 2. Stoppler MD. , Melissa C. Vitiligo Symptoms, Causes, Pigmentation Loss Treatment and Diagnosis on MedicineNet. com. MedicineNet Health and Medical Information Produced by Doctors. Ed. William C. Sheil MD. Web. 11 Oct. 2010. .

Red Lobster case analysis Essay

Ought to Lopdrup make Experientials the objective portion and change Red Lobster’s situating in like manner. Assuming this is the case, by what means would it be advisable for him to change its showcasing blend (4P)? Red Lobster initially was established in 1968 and restored huge prominence at that point by offering new fish for everyone. They made it effectively open and congenial. Be that as it may, more than a few very effective many years of fast development and numerous new eateries, Red Lobster in 2004 was getting obsolete and distant from today’s client. The organization with over 40-year involvement with fish eateries, with its new driving CEO Kim Lopdrup now has put resources into broad statistical surveying. The aftereffects of the statistical surveying uncover a shockingly energizing open door for the organization to move its objective client fragment. The chain right now is making its first strides of an intricate 10-year revival plan under the lead of its C EO Kim Lopdrup. In 2004 when he took over as a CEO of Red Lobster, the organization was shutting down cafés and experiencing a significant decrease in deals. Moreover, consumer loyalty had dropped essentially too by at that point. However, in 2010, even in a time of downturn, the business results are gradually beginning to improve. Thus, the entire chain itself is improving also. An ongoing statistical surveying study has uncovered rather startling outcomes that 25% of Red Lobster’s clients are â€Å"experientials,† individuals searching for joy, great help and top notch food. Which is totally different from Red Lobster’s conventional center client who simply needed huge part sizes of better than average fish and doesn't stress over sustenance or upscale air. Lopdrup is right now considering conceivable re-situating to pull in more â€Å"experientials†, in this manner likewise changing the company’s target portion. In any case, would this be a decent advance? In 1968, the brand picked up prominence by making new fish that was not truly open in those days. In any case, circumstances are different at this point. Clients presently have a plenitude of decisions with regards to new fish, which makes it difficult for Red Lobster to separate from different brands just contribution ‘approachable, new seafood’. Besides, recently it has been related with solidified and seared, unfortunate food, not new fish. The downturn has badly affected the eatery and there has been a significant drop in client check. Rather than concentrating on winning the value war inside the exceptionally serious easygoing feasting classification, Kim Lopdrup rather has chosen to concentrate on restoration, following a separation methodology. The arrangement is to focus on more excellent, drive a higher recurrence of visits and cause the brand to be viewed as acceptable quality fish, where individuals could get a charming feasting experience at moderate costs. As I would like to think, Red Lobster should without a doubt center around experientials, start new and show clients it is truly doing things another way now. Another look, another menu, improved assistance and better correspondence to let individuals see Red Lobster in a new, new way. They should grasp the 21st century by utilizing increasingly interpersonal interaction (facebook, twitter, youtube), versatile applications, yet adhere to its fundamental standards of giving new fish from great angler, recruit able flame broil bosses and neighborly staff, which are all basic beliefs for ‘experientials’. Besides, these are qualities and desires for ‘experientials’ as well as for the mass market by and large. Along these lines, they could accom plish the most noteworthy reach and direct people to their eateries. They should get discussed and turn out to be progressively noticeable by putting resources into a mind boggling advertising effort that would go in waves. A decent quality TV crusade would be exceptionally fitting. Concerning 4PS, they ought to modify its present market blend by truly pondering the objective group’s needs and needs. Experientials are accomplished and won't endure terrible help. They go out to cafés to interface with companions, family, and partners. So the organization should consider approaches to improve its administration. Remodel of the eatery space, recruiting of neighborly representatives that Red Lobster would persistently teach about the most recent patterns and menu contributions. It is significant for the brand to have an inviting, human face. What's more, legit, informative representatives that will give an individual encounter for every client will remove the brand picture further from its current corporate picture. Concerning items, it is additionally imperative to convey the wellspring of their fish, its great quality culinary specialists, day by day contributions of ‘daily new catch’ to tell individuals that Red Lobster has ‘stepped up’ their game and just contribution the best new crab from the best ranchers. Maybe they ought to do a procurement with a wine organization so as to offer experientals more wines to look over, since they like to appreciate new food and menu things. They are spurred by culinary mastery and wine and food goes connected at the hip with one another. As to cost, they could build the value a smidgen, since experientials are not excessively ‘price sensitive’. They are accomplished with a high pay, however they likewise prefer to eat out frequently. So a mid-extend cost would be the most proper. By concentrating on experientials, Red Lobster could fundamentally build productivity and get increasingly faithful client that arrival for additional. The situating should remain ‘approachable, new seafood’, since they have such a significant number of areas all over the place. The menu ought to be all the more every now and again refreshed. Costs could be higher for ‘specials’, and they ought to convey watchwords like ‘quality, newness, fish lovers’, have cooking exhibitions. Put resources into TV limited time promotions to accomplish mass mindfulness, hirepassionate individuals, center around ceaseless improvement.

Signs of Pathological Gambling and Gambling Addiction

Signs of Pathological Gambling and Gambling Addiction Addiction Addictive Behaviors Print Signs of Pathological Gambling and Gambling Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 08, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 10, 2019 Eric Raptosh Photography/Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Gambling addiction, also known as pathological gambling, compulsive gambling, problem gambling, or gambling disorder involves maladaptive patterns of gambling behavior that the individual persists with, despite negative consequences. This is consistent with behavior patterns observed in other addictions.   Gambling Disorder is currently the only behavioral addiction included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5). Previously, Pathological Gambling was classified as an Impulse Control Disorder, where the “essential feature is the failure to resist an impulse, drive or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the person or to others” (p. 609, DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Pathological Gambling has been renamed Gambling Disorder and moved to a new category, Addiction and Related Disorders in DSM 5. As problem gambling has been increasingly recognized, treatment of problem gambling has fallen within the realm of addiction services. Not All Gambling Is Harmful Not all excessive gamblers are pathological, compulsive or problem gamblers. There are several different types of a gambler. Pathological gambling is characterized by: Preoccupation with gamblingDifficulty controlling gambling behavior, and unsuccessful efforts to stopNegative consequences, such as family and job disruption, and lying about the extent of involvement with gamblingFinancial problems due to gambling, gambling with increasing amounts of money to achieve desired excitement and stealing money to fund gambling.Chasing losses Money is central to the experience of gambling. People with gambling addiction, as with other people, attach many different positive attributes to money, such as power, comfort, security and freedom. Unlike other people, they fail to recognize that gambling puts them at risk of losing all of these attributes and that gambling is a random process, where the odds are stacked against them, so they are more likely to lose than to win. Furthermore, when they do win, people with gambling addictions tend to gamble away their winnings quickly. Gambling Behaviors There are many different gambling behaviors, which can be engaged in either alone or in social settings. Some examples of gambling behaviors are: Card games, such as pokerBetting on games of skillSports bettingBingoLotteriesSlot machines, VLTsCasinosScratchcards, break open or pull tab ticketsRaffles Cognitive Distortions Gambling is an ineffective and unreliable way of acquiring money. For someone to become addicted to gambling, their cognitions or thought processes must become distorted to the point where this central truth eludes them. Many problem gamblers’ thoughts are distorted in the following ways: Attribution: Problem gamblers may believe their winnings occur as a result of their efforts and not randomly. Magical thinking: Problem gamblers may believe that thinking or hoping in a certain way will bring about a win or that random outcomes can be predicted. They may also believe they are special in some way and that their specialness will be rewarded with a win. Superstitions: Problem gamblers may believe that lucky charms, certain articles of clothing, ways of sitting, etc., may cause a win or a loss. Systems: Problem gamblers may believe that by learning or figuring out a certain system (a pattern of betting in a particular way), the house advantage can be overcome. Although professional gamblers were more able to predict payouts with earlier technologies, which relied on more predictable patterns of payouts, this required many hours of careful observation, and the machine always kept more than it paid out. The increased computerization of gambling machinery has ensured that wins are now truly random, so it is impossible to predict a payout, and, of course, it is still heavily stacked in favor of the “house.” Selective recall: Problem gamblers tend to remember their wins and forget or gloss over their losses. The personification of a gambling device: Problem gamblers sometimes attribute human characteristics to inanimate objects, which are part of the gambling process, thinking that a particular machine is punishing, rewarding or taunting them. Near miss beliefs: Problem gamblers reduce the number of losing experiences in their minds by thinking they “almost” won. This justifies further attempts to win. Near misses can be as stimulating, or even more stimulating, than actual wins. Chasing losses: Problem gamblers believe that they have not really lost money to gambling, but that it can be “won back” by further gambling. Many of these thought distortions lead to highly ritualized patterns of behavior, which are characteristic of addictions. The Controversy of Gambling Addiction Like other behavioral addictions, gambling addiction is a controversial idea. Many experts balk at the idea that gambling can constitute an addiction, believing that there has to be a psychoactive substance that produces symptoms, such as physical tolerance and withdrawal, for an activity to be a true addiction. Gambling, however, is by far the best represented behavioral addiction in research literature and treatment services; therefore, pathological gambling has the most credibility among the behavioral addictions. This is partly due to financial input from the gambling industry, whose contribution is tiny compared to the massive profits they make but greatly exceeds funding for research or treatment of any other behavioral addiction. Despite the fact that this funding has greatly increased public awareness of gambling problems and treatment services, the potential conflict of interest when funding comes from a source that makes a profit from gambling addiction is obvious. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Communication Essay - 275 Words

Communication (Essay Sample) Content: InstitutionDarrel WatlingtonInstructors nameCourse informationDate I placed the in-text citations inappropriately. I placed in-text citation at the end of each paragraph including the statements that discussed about my personal views about the course. This made my audience more confused as it was not easy to determine whether the statement were from my personal view or from the authors cited. For example I discussed about my personal development of passion about the course that was influenced by my family members and credit this information to the work of the other authors of the year 2006. My personal view will be left not cited and the tone will be the first person. This will inform the audience the statements that are accredited to my view and those for scholars. I did not provide concrete evidence to support my claims. For example I spoke about the large number of students who have been pursuing accounting for the last 2 decades without giving trends in the cha nge or some bit of statistical trend. This leaves the audience in suspense as they will not understand how people have developed passion on business courses that can be determined by observing university enrolment trend for the courses. Therefore without concrete evidence my audience was unable to process how strong my claims were. Providing evidence makes my claims strong and valid. This will enable the audience to understand the trend on the business related courses importance. I also placed my claims in generalized manner. I lacked specificity. The audience is left hangi... Communication Essay - 275 Words Communication: Meeting with a client (Essay Sample) Content: Interpersonal communicationInsert NameSubjectDateInstitutionQ1. When meeting with a client, explain how your body language and attending behaviors can have a positive or negative impact on your ability to gather information. Is it important to consider the importance of culture? Why or why not?Communication is the procedure of using words, echoes, symbols or manners to express oneself (Knapp, 2011). Interaction is done naturally daily and is part of being a human being. Ineffective communication causes most of the disharmony among family members, spouses, colleagues, friends, or neighbors. The study of effective communication is vital to have. The skill in communication assists in ensuring that one's message is received and comprehended ensuring that the interactions among individuals is made easier through telephone, web, and face-to-face.Intercultural or cross cultural communication is a top issue that when searched over the internet can yield a large number of res ults (Kumar et al., 2009). Globalization has seen the cultural interaction as a necessity. The worldwide issues concerning environment, web governance, dearth and fight against terrorism requires the collaboration among countries. The decisions that concern corporate, governments, training, healthiness, and philosophy have emotional impact many residents of more than one country. Shortage of comprehension of a certain culture can lead to humiliating errors in communication leading to wrongdoing to the person that can lead to conclusion to contracts or international treaties complex.Q2. What are open-ended questions? How might they have a positive or a negative impact during a client meeting? What are closed-ended questions? What are the positives and negatives of using closed-ended questions during a meeting?An open-ended question is intended to inspire a complete, significant response using the themes of one's state of mind. The skill of using open-ended questions is vital in many occasions that comprises training, therapy, intercession, marketing, fact-finding effort and reporting (Evans, 1993). The positive impact of open-ended questions on customers its ability to have numerous answers, the response can be detailed and there is an opportunity for clarifying responses. Through this unexpected results can be exposed and allows resourcefulness, creativity and facts.Closed-ended question also known as closed questions and this are questions that require a set of response from which an answer is chosen. The advantages of using closed questions allow replies to the que... Communication Essay - 275 Words Communication (Essay Sample) Content: InstitutionDarrel WatlingtonInstructors nameCourse informationDate I placed the in-text citations inappropriately. I placed in-text citation at the end of each paragraph including the statements that discussed about my personal views about the course. This made my audience more confused as it was not easy to determine whether the statement were from my personal view or from the authors cited. For example I discussed about my personal development of passion about the course that was influenced by my family members and credit this information to the work of the other authors of the year 2006. My personal view will be left not cited and the tone will be the first person. This will inform the audience the statements that are accredited to my view and those for scholars. I did not provide concrete evidence to support my claims. For example I spoke about the large number of students who have been pursuing accounting for the last 2 decades without giving trends in the cha nge or some bit of statistical trend. This leaves the audience in suspense as they will not understand how people have developed passion on business courses that can be determined by observing university enrolment trend for the courses. Therefore without concrete evidence my audience was unable to process how strong my claims were. Providing evidence makes my claims strong and valid. This will enable the audience to understand the trend on the business related courses importance. I also placed my claims in generalized manner. I lacked specificity. The audience is left hangi...

Definition and Examples of the Zero Copula

In grammar, zero copula refers to the absence of an explicit auxiliary verb (usually a form of the verb be) in certain constructions where it is customarily found in standard English. Also called copula deletion  or understood copula. In their book Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English (Wiley, 2000), John R. Rickford and Russell J. Rickford note that the zero copula is one of the most distinctive and identity-affirming characteristics of ​African-American Vernacular English  (AAVE). Examples and Observations I dont say stuff to people most of the time. Mostly I just look at them like they stupid.(Katherine S. Newman, No Shame in My Game: The Working Poor in the Inner City. Random House, 2000)Why she cant come to me? Fanny asked as she passed Mercy off to a neighbor so she could walk faster. Where she been? Where she at now? Fanny asked, wringing her hands. She knew something was wrong.(Bernice L. McFadden, This Bitter Earth. Plume, 2002)The Zero Copula in African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)One of the most interesting characteristics of AAE is the . . . use of the zero copula. As [William] Labov (1969) has explained, the rule for its use is really quite simple. If you can contract be in SE [Standard English], you can delete it in AAE. That is, since He is nice can be contracted to Hes nice in SE, it can become He nice in AAE. Likewise, But everybodys not black can become But everybody not black. . . .We should note that the zero copula is very rarely found in the speech of whites, even poor southern whites. Not all blacks use it either.(Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) ​\ Factors Governing the Use of the Zero Copula [Toya A.] Wyatt (1991) found that AAE preschoolers were more likely to use zero copula: after pronoun subjects (56%) rather than noun subjects (21%); before locative predicates (35%) and adjective predicates (27%) rather than noun predicates (18%); and in second person singular and plural predicates (45%) rather than third person singular predicates (19%). In addition, the zero copula occurred less than 1% of the time in past tense, first person singular, and final clause contexts. This suggests that as early as three years of age, AAE child speakers not only acquire the basic grammatical features of AAE but also the language-specific variable rules that govern their use (Wyatt 1996).(Toya A. Wyatt, Childrens Acquisition and Maintenance of AAE. Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, ed. by Sonja L. Lanehart. John Benjamins, 2001) I hold Jinggaya. Jinggaya, you all right? I ask. I got bad fear she hurt.Yes, yes, she say. I all right. You all right?(Andrew Parkin, A Thing Apart. Troubador, 2002) Zero Copula and Pidgins Zero copula is probably the single feature most readily associated with pidgins. . . . However, it is not an exclusively pidgin feature by any means. . . . Thus, while zero copula may exist, or have existed at some time, in all pidgins, it is not a feature which distinguishes pidgins from other languages.(Philip Baker, Some Developmental Inferences From Historical Studies of Pidgins and Creoles. The Early Stages of Creolization, ed. by Jacques Arends. John Benjamins, 1995) Suddenly the managers boy put his insolent black head in the doorway, and said in a tone of scathing contempt--Mistah Kurtz--he dead.(Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, 1903)

The Holocaust Of Auschwitz, Buchenwald, And Treblinka

Auschwitz, Buchenwald, and Treblinka are just a few of the names that evoke nightmares of the Holocaust. The death and suffering at concentration camps like these were greater than any before endured. Elie Wiesel had been one of the most devout Jewish children prior to the start of the Holocaust. However, the Holocaust created a void in the souls of many of those that survived, one of which was Elie. During his experience in the concentration camps, Elie waited for God to intervene and save his people. When God did not intervene Elie began to doubt God and His mercy. He began to accuse God of cruelty against the Jewish people. After the Holocaust was over, Elie had to reevaluate the role of God in his life. He could be forgiving of God and†¦show more content†¦Although, God did not save Elie and his people from the truth about the rumors. As such, they were carted off to the concentration camps like cattle. In the camps, Elie’s faith was not shaken immediately even th ough he was quickly exposed to many atrocities. People around him took the evil as a punishment for some unknown crime the Jewish people had committed before God. In the face of all the suffering, Elie noted a feeling of guilt for those in his camps because of how they did not protest and fight back as much as he believed they could have. Others that did not feel as guilty believed that God had a good reason for punishing the Jews. They thought it must be a test, â€Å"God is testing us. He wants to find out whether we can dominate our base instincts and kill the Satan within us. We have no right to despair. And if he punishes us relentlessly, it s a sign that he loves us all the more† (Wiesel, 42). The faith of the Jewish people helped to delay the revolution that might have erupted in the camps. The younger people felt it would be better to die fighting than to go like lambs to the slaughter. They had knives and a strong will. But their elders reminded them, â€Å" ‘ You must never lose faith, even when the sword hangs over your head. That s the teaching of our sages . . .’ † (Wiesel, 29). The younger people were willing to respect the faith of the elders as long as the elders were willing to accept God sShow MoreRelatedNazi Crimes And The Holocaust1231 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen Holocaust perpetrators. Beginning in 1941, Jews from all over the continent, as well as hundreds of thousands of European Gypsies, were transported to the Polish ghettoes. Every person designated as a Jew in German territory was marked with a yellow star making them open targets. Thousands were soon being deported to the Polish ghettoes and German-occupied cities in the USSR. Since June 1941, experiments with mass killing methods had been ongoing at the concentration camp of Auschwitz and manyRead MoreThe Holocaust : Its Causes And How It Was Carried Out1497 Words   |  6 PagesDestiny Corbitt Shawn Underell The Holocaust 21 February 2016 The Holocaust The holocaust is one of the memorable events in history and it is important to know some of its causes and how it was carried out. The Holocaust is a controlled torture that killed roughly six million Jews by the Nazi government, led by Adolf Hitler. Apart from the Jews, other groups considered inferior or anti-establishment such as Poles, Romans and gypsies were also killed. There were several reasons for these grisly murdersRead MoreHolocaust : An Examination Of The Holocaust1117 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In the summer of 1944 the soviets freed the Jewish from the concentration camps like Belzec, Treblinka and the most infamous killing camp Auschwitz. 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Capitulo 1. Da guarda - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8062 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? A expressao guarda, deriva do alemao wargem, do ingles warden e do frances garde, podendo ser interpretado de uma forma generica para expressar vigilancia, protecao, seguranca, um direito-dever que os pais ou um dos pais estao incumbidos de exercer em favor de seus filhos. De certa forma, a guarda dos filhos de acordo com De Placido e Silva, e locucao indicativa, seja de direito ou do dever, que compete aos pais ou a um dos cÃÆ'Â ´njuges, de ter em sua companhia ou de protege-los, nas diversas circunstancias indicadas na lei civil. E guarda neste sentido, tanto significa custodia como a protecao que e devida aos filhos pelos pais.[1] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Capitulo 1. Da guarda" essay for you Create order O instituto da guarda encontra-se explicitamente previsto nos artigos 1.583 a 1.590 do CC/02 e implicitamente previsto na CF/88 em seus artigos 227 e 229, que estabelecem as responsabilidades dos pais para com os filhos e garante ainda o direito de toda crianca ter um guardiao para protege-la, dar assistencia material, moral e vigia-la. Jose Antonio de Paula Santos Neto e Rubens Limongi Franca conceituam guarda como: [] o conjunto de relacoes juridicas que existem entre uma pessoa e o menor, dimanados do fato de estar este sob o poder ou a companhia daquela, e da responsabilidade daquela em relacao a este, quanto a vigilancia, direcao e educacao. [2] Na definicao de Flavio Guimaraes Lauria, a guarda: [] consiste num complexo de direitos e deveres que uma pessoa ou um casal exerce em relacao a uma crianca ou adolescente, consistindo na mais ampla assistencia a sua formacao moral, educacao, diversao e cuidados para com a saude, bem como toda e qualquer diligencia que se apresente necessaria ao pleno desenvolvimento de suas potencialidades humanas, marcada pela necessaria convivencia sob o mesmo teto, implicando, inclusive, na identidade de domicilioentre crianca e o(s) respectivo(s) titular(res).[3] Esclarece Waldyr Grisard Filho que: [] a guarda, enquanto manifestacao operativa do patrio poder, compreende a convivencia entre pais e filhos no mesmo local, a ampla comunicacao entre eles (visitacao), a vigilancia, o controle, a correcao, a assistencia, o amparo, a fiscalizacao, o sustento, a direcao, enfim, a presenca permanente no processo de integral formacao do menor.[4] A expressao guarda de filhos e uma locucao indicativa, ora de direito, ora de dever, que estabelece aos cÃÆ'Â ´njuges, em conjunto ou a cada um, de zelar e proteger a prole nas diversas circunstancias indicadas na lei civil. Neste sentido, guarda significa custodia e protecao que e devida aos filhos pelos pais. Para tanto e indispensavel o emprego da palavra responsabilidade, do latim respondere, que assume significado de responsabilizar-se, assegurar, o que se obrigou ou praticou. A guarda no Estatuto da Crianca e do Adolescente foi criada pela lei 8.069/90, a guarda descrita no estatuto da crianca e do adolescente visa atender a crianca que se encontre em flagrante estado de abandono, ou tenha sofrido falta, omissao ou abuso dos pais, para tanto, nao importa a previa suspensao ou destituicao do patrio poder, tanto que o detentor da guarda pode a qualquer tempo reclamar o direito de retirar o menor da posse de quem a esteja ilegalmente detendo. A guarda pode ter carater definitivo ou provisorio. Quando apresenta-se com carater definitivo, regulariza a posse de fato. Quando a guarda aparece com carater cautelar, preparatorio ou incidente, temos modalidades de guarda provisoria. Seu carater cautelar impoe-se quando o menor encontra-se abandonado e sua situacao depende de definicao. A crianca ou o adolescente sao colocados sob a guarda de uma pessoa, provisoriamente, ate que sejam tomadas medidas adequadas para a tutela de seus interesses. Ela assume carater preparatorio quando pedida antes do processo principal. e o que se passa na adocao e na tutela. Aquele que pretende o menor, sob uma dessas formas, pede ao juiz a guarda provisoria. e incidente quando, no correr do processo de adocao ou tutela, o juiz defere a guarda a terceiro, ou mesmo aos pretendentes. No caso de o juiz afastar os pais do patrio poder, a guarda e entregue a um terceiro. Isso se dando no decorrer do processo respectivo. Portanto, [] a determinacao da guarda, mesmo depois de homologada, e ainda que tenha transitado em julgado, pode ser alterada a favor do interesse do menor As medidas tomadas nesta materia sao suscetiveis de serem modificadas sempre que a situacao fatica se alterou. [5] O artigo 13 da Lei de Divorcio e o fundamento legal para a possivel alteracao da guarda. Sendo assim, sustenta-se o atendimento ao principio do melhor interesse da crianca e do adolescente. No entender de Sergio Gischkow Pereira, [] e uma regra que desfaz todas as regras, ou, se preferirem, passa a ser a regra das regras, entregando a discricao do magistrado a palavra ultima. [6] Criterios para determinacao da guarda Quando se da a separacao do casal genitor e que surge a problematica em relacao a questao da guarda na terminologia que estamos acostumados a encontrar, ou seja, quando e preciso estabelecer com quem irao residir os filhos menores do ex-casal. Mesmo quando nao houver ruptura conjugal as relacoes entre pais e filhos serao exercidas por ambos os cÃÆ'Â ´njuges de forma igualitaria, e na hora da separacao do casal, tais relacoes destes com os filhos, nao se altera como dispoe claramente o artigo 1632 do Codigo Civil, segundo o qual a separacao judicial, o divorcio e a dissolucao de uniao estavel nao alteram as relacoes entre pais e filhos senao quanto ao direito, que aos primeiros cabe, de terem em sua companhia os segundos. A desuniao do casal nao modificara os direitos e deveres dos pais em relacao aos filhos, uma vez que, um novo casamento de qualquer dos pais ou de ambos tambem nao importara restricao a direitos e deveres. Surge a partir do termino ou desfazimento da relacao conjugal, a disputa pela guarda do menor, ou seja, os cÃÆ'Â ´njuges terao que resolver qual o melhor modelo de guarda para o filho. Uma das opcoes, e a menos danosa para o menor, e quando os cÃÆ'Â ´njuges optam por uma decisao consensual, onde eles decidem por meio de um acordo o modelo de guarda que sera adotado, seja ela guarda unica, compartilhada, alternada, divida ou nidacao, mas desde que tal decisao esteja de acordo com o interesse do menor. Ja uma alternativa mais prejudicial para o menor e quando os cÃÆ'Â ´njuges/parceiros nao entram num acordo e acabam resultando em um penoso processo judicial, aonde cabera ao magistrado decidir qual a melhor forma de guarda a ser adotada. Essa disputa infelizmente ainda e bastante freqÃÆ'Â ¼ente nas Varas de Familia, fazendo inclusive promessas de gratificacoes materiais (presentes, viagens, etc.) para que os menores optem pela sua companhia. Os Juizes de Direito e Promotores de Justica precisam estar sempre atentos para tais circunstancias, pois a verificacao das condicoes para ter a guarda dos filhos abrange, tambem, a analise de se um dos genitores nao esta manipulando ou, ate mesmo, fazendo uma certa chantagem emocional com a prole a fim de obter judicialmente a guarda. Tanto na primeira quanto na Segunda, a opcao do magistrado ao prolatar sua sentenca devera observar certos requisitos para concessao, sendo os mais importantes a idade, o vinculo de irmaos caso existam, a opiniao do menor, comportamento dos pais e o interesse do menor. A idade do menor e um requisito importante a ser observado, visto que enquanto o menor estiver na idade tenra, ou seja; idade que varia do nascimento ate aproximadamente 24 meses, ja esta confirmado psicologicamente e ratificado atraves de inumeras jurisprudencias que o melhor para o menor e ficar com a figura materna, em virtude que este depende da mae de forma absoluta, seja por causa da propria sobrevivencia ou por ter maior vinculo com a mae, como e observado na decisao do tribunal in verbis: MENOR Guarda Crianca de tenra idade Separacao judicial dos pais Menor ha muito tempo sob a guarda do pai Inexistencia de indicios de que tal situacao nao mais convem a crianca Manutencao do status quo a servico da protecao psicologica do menino, ate a solucao das pendencias judiciais de seus pais Decisao mantida Recurso nao provido Em se tratando de guarda de menores, ha que se encaminhar os julgamentos basicamente no sentido de garantir-lhes, tanto quanto possivel, tranqÃÆ'Â ¼ilidade e bem estar, devendo prevalecer seus interesses sobre os de seus pais. (Relator: Marco Cesar Agravo de Instrumento n.ÂÂ º 201.724-1 Sao Paulo 17.02.94) [7] Porem, a guarda ficar com a genitora, nao implica no afastamento do genitor, sendo essencial que desde cedo ele tenha o maximo de contato com seu filho. Outro ponto a se destacar e se existem irmaos no litigio, porque nao e considerado aconselhavel separar irmaos, ja que diminui o vinculo de amizade e o companheirismo que existe entre eles, tendo o objetivo de pelo menos manter junto o pouco que resta da familia. Muito se tem duvida, se o menor deve ser ouvido ou nao na disputa da guarda, uma vez que a legislacao se omitiu a respeito. Porem, nos tribunais tais duvidas ja nao existem, uma vez que ja se tornou frequente o magistrado ouvir a manifestacao do menor, evitando assim que ocorram sentencas que fujam da realidade. Nao existe regra que expressa claramente a partir de qual idade sera ouvido o menor, e como essa manifestacao contara na decisao do magistrado, visto que os pais podem tentar seduzi-los. O que normalmente ocorre e que a partir dos doze anos o menor e juridicamente considerado adolescente, conforme art. 2 da Lei 8.069/90, e se for constatado que esse ja possui uma certa maturidade, o juiz certamente levara em conta a sua vontade ao prolatar a sentenca. Antes de decidir quem exercera a guarda do menor, o magistrado tambem devera observar a conduta dos pais, sendo levado em consideracao tanto as condicoes morais, como, idoneidade, ambiente familiar, social, como as condicoes materiais; ou seja; a sua profissao, renda, habitacao, etc. Conforme dispoe o artigo 1703 do Codigo Civil, para a manutencao dos filhos, os cÃÆ'Â ´njuges separados judicialmente contribuirao na proporcao de seus recursos. Exercendo pai e mae atividade laboral remunerada, ambos devem contribuir, na medida de suas possibilidades, para o sustento da prole comum. Dessa forma, quando se ficar comprovado condutas ilegais e imorais dos pais, estes deverao ter suas relacoes diminuidas ao maximo com o menor. Contudo, a principal regra, e a que se sobrepoe sobre qualquer outra no deferimento da guarda, e o interesse do menor, regra essa que vem transcrita no art. 13 da Lei 6.515/78. Assim, o interesse e sempre analisado na forma de que cada caso e um caso, devendo o magistrado toda vez fazer uma avaliacao criteriosa dos interesses individuais e concretos que existem no caso sub examine. Apesar da existencia dessa regra geral, a expressao interesse do menor nao poder ser conceituada, uma vez que trata-se de um criterio subjetivo do juiz. Porem, essa abrangencia na nomenclatura atualmente ja esta praticamente suprida, visto que o magistrado ao enfocar essa regra na decisao da guarda, devera obedecer certos requisitos que ja estao ratificados em doutrina, como o desenvolvimento fisico e moral da crianca, a qualidade de suas relacoes afetivas e a sua isercao no grupo social, bem como em jurisprudencia: Guarda Menor Atribuicao a mae, declarada responsavel pela separacao Admissibilidade Observancia da regra geral, que condiciona a guarda aos interesses morais e materiais do filho Improvimento do recurso Interpretacao dos arts. 10, 12 e 13 da Lei 6.515/78. A regra geral da definicao da guarda de menor e a da preservacao dos seus interesses morais e materiais, de modo que, se e o que lhes convem, pode ser atribuida ao cÃÆ'Â ´njuge responsavel pela separacao. (TJSP, AC61.708-4,Sao Paulo, 18.11.97, Rel. Cezar Peluso) [ grifo e nosso ][8] Pode-se dessa maneira concluir que o bem estar do menor deve sempre prevalecer em detrimento de qualquer outra circunstancia estabelecida entre o pai e a mae. As distintas modalidades de guarda Ha na doutrina uma lista contendo muitas especies de guardas, razao pela qual optou-se pela classificacao por grupos estabelecida por Waldyr Grisard Filho, por ser mais ampla.[9] Sendo assim, de acordo com o autor tudo comeca com a guarda do menor podendo ser subdividida em dois aspectos: o exercicio fisico e o exercicio juridico. Seguindo essa divisao, todas as modalidades de guarda sao compostas a partir desses dois aspectos. Desta forma, e importante esclarecer que detem a guarda fisica a pessoa com quem a crianca reside, e detem a guarda juridica a pessoa que reune todos os atributos que a torna responsavel pelo sustento, manutencao e educacao do menor ou do incapaz. Com o vinculo matrimonial ou a uniao estavel e a decorrencia da maternidade e paternidade surge o primeiro modelo de guarda, conhecido como guarda comum ou originaria, o qual nao e judicial, mas sim natural, em que ambos os cÃÆ'Â ´njuges exercem plenamente todos os poderes inerentes do patrio poder, conseqÃÆ'Â ¼entemente a guarda, nao existindo portanto a figura do nao guardiao. A guarda de fato e a que se estabelece por decisao propria de uma pessoa, ou seja, a que toma o menor a seu cargo, sem outorga legal ou judicial, porem cabe a esse guardiao todas as obrigacoes de assistencia e educacao, prevista na Legislacao Brasileira. Guarda provisoria ou temporaria e a que surge da necessidade de se atribuir a guarda a um dos genitores na pendencia dos processos de separacao ou de divorcio, tornando-se definitiva apos o exame cuidadoso de todos os criterios para atribuicao da guarda ao genitor mais apto. No entanto se chamara guarda unica quando o menor e confiado a guarda de um so dos pais. Contudo, e pertinente frisar que a guarda definitiva e relativa, pois, podera ser modificada a qualquer tempo, mediante ato fundamentado do juiz, na forma do disposto no artigo 35 e 148, paragrafo unico, do Estatuto da Crianca e do Adolescente. A guarda por terceiros ou por instituicoes tem suas diferencas, onde a primeira se cumpre por particular, mediante previa designacao; e a outra se efetiva por orgaos tecnico-administrativos de protecao. Cumpre lembrar que a Lei do Divorcio, no artigo 10, ÂÂ § 2.ÂÂ º, admite a possibilidade do juiz conferir a guarda a terceiros, em havendo motivo grave ou na salvaguarda do interesse do menor. Ressalte-se, porem, que nao existindo parentes ou estranhos ao menor que aceitem o encargo, a crianca sera colocada em instituicao governamental ou nao, nos termos do artigo 30 do Estatuto da Crianca e do Adolescente. e fato muito comum os filhos ao se casarem, continuarem morando com os pais, e com o nascimento dos filhos, enxergando a possibilidade de no futuro, esses usufruirem de direitos previdenciarios dos avos, e assim que surge mais um tipo de guarda a ser pleiteada, a guarda previdenciaria. Com a evidente precariedade da previdencia social, onde muitos exames e cirurgias basicas deixam de ser oferecidas, a guarda previdenciaria comeca a fazer sentido, apresentando maiores garantias a seus beneficiarios. Alem do que, o ECA nao proibe esse tipo de guarda, mas, ao contrario, preve, no ÂÂ § 2ÂÂ º do artigo 33, a excepcionalidade da guarda fora dos casos da tutela e da adocao. Entretanto, Jose Maria Leoni Lopes de Oliveira manifesta-se contrario a essa modalidade de guarda quando objetiva, unicamente, garantir ao menor o usufruto dos beneficios previdenciarios do guardiao.[10] Outras modalidades de Guarda sao a juridica, onde se caracteriza por ser exercida a distancia, pelo genitor nao-guardador, e a guarda material prevista no artigo 33, ÂÂ § 1ÂÂ º, do ECA, onde e exercida pelo genitor guardador que, em verdade, exerce o poder familiar em toda a sua extensao, ou, em outras palavras, esse tipo de guarda e o mesmo que custodia, pois que encerra a ideia de posse ou cargo. No aninhamento ou nidacao, e a modalidade em que os pais se revezam na guarda, mudando-se para a casa onde vivam os menores, em periodos alternados de tempo. Essa especie de guarda nao perdura, pelos altos custos que impoe a sua manutencao: tres residencias; uma para o pai, outra para a mae, e uma terceira para o filho, que recepciona, alternadamente, os pais de tempos em tempos. Por fim, a guarda compartilhada ou conjunta refere-se a tipos de guarda nas quais os pais tem a mesma responsabilidade legal pela tomada de decisoes importantes, conjunta e igualitariamente, diferindo no fato de ser por determinacao judicial ou por acordo. Assim, a guarda conjunta ou compartilhada deve ser planejada pelos pais, para que os menores tenham sua convivencia com os genitores preservada, e nesse modelo nao ha uma maior rigidez, sendo o filho o maior beneficiado. No entanto, e de dificil implementacao, principalmente quando se tem em vista a dificuldade de relacionamento dos pais apos a separacao, como se demonstrara no capitulo seguinte. Desuniao e os novos papeis dos genitores A desuniao dos pais, independente do casamento, coloca em evidencia o exercicio em separado da autoridade parental. Assim, quando se depara com a dissolucao da sociedade conjugal, ou da sociedade fatica, nao tem como esquivar-se dos deveres relativos a autoridade parental, pois, esses sao mantidos. A ruptura da vida conjugal gera efeitos pessoais, patrimoniais e sobre a pessoa dos filhos, traduzindo-se em organizacao da guarda e do regime de visitas. Trata-se de uma contrapartida de sua autoridade, ou seja, direitos e vantagens de um lado, obrigacoes e ÃÆ'Â ´nus, de outro. Sendo assim, ha muito que se ajustar, pois, assim comeca a divisao de funcoes entre os genitores. De certa forma, o primeiro passo e discutir sobre quem vai ser o guardiao da crianca, sendo que, a ele cabera a administracao dos bens e a responsabilidade civil. E ao genitor nao guardiao cabe o direito de visitas, o dever de alimentos e o direito de fiscalizacao. Como pode ser visto a responsabilidade parental nao apresenta grandes questoes juridicas trazidas a apreciacao do Judiciario, enquanto exercida na constancia do casamento e da uniao estavel, os problemas de um modo geral, se iniciam com as dificuldades que nao sao contornadas, com o final de uma relacao. No entanto, nas crises de ruptura da vida conjugal, aparecem graves conflitos relativamente a responsabilidade parental. E, o que se pode constatar, com freqÃÆ'Â ¼encia, e que causadas algumas perturbacoes, como o estresse, debilita de tal forma as pessoas envolvidas, que as torna incapazes de discernir. Os mecanismos de defesa desenvolvidos pelo casal em conflito acabam transformando os filhos menores em verdadeiros armamentos, que acabam servindo, no bombardeio entre os pais. Trata-se de um sistema inadequado de comunicacao, mas, o unico conhecido. Ha um fundamento tendencioso, o de reconhecer o principio da igualdade entre homem e mulher, e o superior interesse da crianca, que deve ter a sua vida organizada de tal forma que permaneca, dentro do possivel, o mais proximo ao que era, enquanto o casal conjugal existia concomitantemente ao casal parental. e razoavel supor que a presenca de pai e mae devem ter freqÃÆ'Â ¼encia ritmica, dada a importancia desta participacao na ampla responsabilidade de formacao dos filhos. Mas mesmo assim, no meio de tantas discussoes se torna dificil entender a simples ideia de que os pais se fazem necessarios na vida de sua prole. Os problemas nao acabam por ai, pois, o genitor-guardiao, so sera responsavel na medida em que o filho coabita consigo, tal coabitacao nao so como um vinculo de dependencia juridica. Mas tambem de dependencia material entre genitor e filho. Finalmente, o genitor pode a qualquer tempo invocar as causas gerais de exoneracao, ou seja, forca maior, caso fortuito, culpa de terceiro, etc., nestes casos, competira ao juiz se pronunciar sobre a culpa ou nao do genitor-guardiao. CAPiTULO 2. Guarda Compartilhada e a Disciplina da Lei 11.698/2008 Nao existem maes e pais ideais, so existem maes e pais presentes ou ausentes e certamente, sempre e melhor que estejam presentes na vida de seus filhos. [11] A ruptura dos lacos familiares surgimento do problema Enquanto a familia legitima ou natural, permanece fisica e efetivamente unida, a crianca desfruta de dois genitores. A ruptura conjugal cria a familia monoparental e a autoridade parental, ate entao exercida pelo pai e pela mae, acompanha a crise e se concentra em um so dos genitores, ficando o outro reduzido a um papel verdadeiramente secundario (visita, alimentos, fiscalizacao). Quer isso dizer que um dos genitores exerce a guarda no ambito da atuacao pratica, no cuidado diario e outro conserva as faculdades potenciais de atuacao.[12] Assim, com o crescente numero de rupturas surgem, tambem, os conflitos em relacao a guarda de filhos de pais que nao mais convivem, fossem casados ou nao. Cumpre a doutrina e a jurisprudencia estabelecer as solucoes que privilegiem a manutencao dos lacos que vinculam os pais a seus filhos, eliminando a dissimetria dos papeis parentais que o texto constitucional definitivamente expurgou, como se ve pelo artigo 226, ÂÂ §5ÂÂ º: A familia, base da sociedade, tem especial protecao do Estado ()ÂÂ § 5ÂÂ º Os direitos e deveres referentes a sociedade conjugal sao exercidos igualmente pelo homem e pela mulher. A ruptura afeta diretamente a vida dos menores, pois, de certa forma modifica totalmente a estrutura da familia e atingindo a organizacao de um de seus subsistemas, o parental. A situacao aparece uma corrente que questiona a necessidade de se manter todos os personagens da familia envolvidos, mesmo apos a ruptura da vida em comum, assim, tenta-se atenuar todas as conseqÃÆ'Â ¼encias injustas que essa ruptura provoca, atraves de envolvem para solucionar tal problema. Na constancia do casamento, a questao do poder familiar e da guarda e bem resolvida, pois pai e mae possuem os seus papeis definidos. Porem, quando ocorre a ruptura do casamento ou da uniao estavel, surge o problema de atribuicao da guarda. Mas o que se esquece de levar em consideracao e a questao que a guarda, vai muito alem da dor que os genitores possam sentir pelo rompimento, vai alem da discussao sobre a culpa, alem da partilha de bens, pois, para a tomada desta decisao os pais devem se abster de todos os problemas para entrarem de maneira tranqÃÆ'Â ¼ila em um consenso sobre a guarda dos filhos. Segundo Fabiola Santos Albuquerque o que sofrera alteracao, e ainda assim dependendo do grau de animosidade dos pais, e o exercicio do poder familiar [].[13] Mesmo apos a separacao, ambos os pais [] estao teoricamente em igualdade de condicoes para o exercicio do poder familiar, que somente se altera em relacao ao fato de que a crianca nao mais estara em tempo integral com ambos os genitores.[14] e essencial e justo que nenhum dos genitores coloque empecilhos no relacionamento dos filhos com o outro, para que os menores se desenvolvam sadios e sem seqÃÆ'Â ¼elas. Os pais que se casam novamente e tem outros filhos nao podem esquecer dos filhos fruto da uniao que nao deu certo. A separacao nao pode pÃÆ'Â ´r fim ao relacionamento familiar, como bem observa Karen Nioac de Salles: [] os pais nao podem, injustificadamente, privar os filhos do convivio com os irmaos e ascendentes. Esta convivencia deve, portanto, ser mantida mesmo que qualquer dos genitores, por razoes pessoais, queira pÃÆ'Â ´r-lhe termo. O termino da familia nao deve ir alem da separacao (ou divorcio) dos pais, preservando-se tanto quanto possivel, as relacoes dos filhos com todos os familiares.[15] O desejo de ambos os pais compartilharem a criacao e a educacao dos filhos e o destes de manterem adequada comunicacao com os pais motivou o surgimento de uma nova forma de guarda, A GUARDA COMPARTILHADA. Conceito de Guarda Compartilhada A guarda compartilhada nasceu ha pouco mais de 20 anos na Inglaterra e depois alastrou-se para Franca, Canada e Estados Unidos, hoje em dia, desenvolve-se em varios lugares do mundo. Sendo assim, o termo guarda conjunta, como ja dito anteriormente e de origem inglesa, joint custody, e diz respeito a possibilidade dos filhos de pais separados serem assistidos por ambos os pais. [16] Fica subentendido neste tipo de modalidade de guarda, que os pais tem efetiva e igualitaria autoridade legal sobre os filhos e como conseqÃÆ'Â ¼encia tem tambem maior cuidado com os filhos do que na guarda unica. No que tange os termos conjunta e compartilhada, Maria Lucia Leiria elucida que nao ha diferenca entre os termos guarda conjunta e guarda compartilhada. No entanto, o termo compartilhada e semanticamente para mim o mais conforme com o instituto da guarda conjunta, da guarda pelos dois genitores.[17] Ha uma linha de pensamento onde entende-se que na guarda conjunta, nao e a guarda, mas os outros atributos da autoridade parental que sao exercidos em comum. O instituto consiste no exercicio em comum, pelos pais, de um certo numero de prerrogativas relativas a pessoa da crianca. A guarda conjunta seria a aplicacao pratica do principio do exercicio conjunto da autoridade parental no caso de fragmentacao da familia. Se pretende que os dois genitores conservem a autoridade parental e participem igualmente nas grandes decisoes relativas a crianca, esta e, certamente, a solucao a privilegiar. Mas temos que entender que a guarda conjunta, ou compartilhada, nao se refere apenas a tutela fisica ou custodia material, mas todos outros atributos da autoridade parental sao exercidos em comum, assim, o genitor que nao detem a guarda material nao se limitara a supervisionar a educacao dos filhos, mas ambos os pais terao efetiva e equivalente autoridade parental para tomarem decisoes importantes ao bem estar de seus filhos. Goldstein e outros autores afirmam que os diferentes termos (conjunta, dividida e repartida, segundo eles) sao geralmente utilizados para descrever o mesmo arranjo, arranjo este que, como referimos, pode tanto simplesmente significar formas mais amplas de visitacao [].[18] No que se refere ao conceito propriamente dito, aduz Luiz Felipe Lyrio Peres, que guarda conjunta e: [] uma situacao juridica onde ambos os pais, apos uma separacao judicial, um divorcio ou uma dissolucao de uniao estavel, conservam mutuamente sobre seus filhos o direito da guarda juridica e da guarda fisica tendo como obrigacao domiciliarem proximos, possuirem mesmos valores e determinarem que o arranjo de alternancia de lares nao seja longo, para nao quebrarem a continuidade das relacoes parentais.[19] Entende Eduardo de Oliveira Leite que a guarda conjunta consiste no exercicio em comum, pelos pais, de um certo numero de prerrogativas relativas a pessoa da crianca.[20] Segundo Jose Romaldini Junior, [] e um meio de colocar o menor em contato com os pais com maior freqÃÆ'Â ¼encia, fazendo com que o filho nao perca a finidade com nenhum dos dois [].[21] No entender de Waldyr Grisard Filho: A guarda compartilhada, ou conjunta, e um dos meios de exercicio da autoridade parental, que os pais desejam continuar exercendo em comum quando fragmentada a familia. De outro modo, e um chamamento dos pais que vivem separados para exercerem conjuntamente a autoridade parental, como faziam na constancia da uniao conjugal.[22] Segue ainda o discurso de Waldyr Grisard Filho, Este modelo, priorizando o melhor interesse dos filhos e a igualdade dos generos no exercicio da parentalidade, e uma resposta mais eficaz a continuidade das relacoes da crianca com seus dois pais na familia dissociada, semelhantemente a uma familia intacta. e um chamamento dos pais que vivem separados para exercerem conjuntamente a autoridade parental, como faziam na constancia da uniao conjugal, ou de fato.[23] O Professor Jeff Atkinson explica que: [] a guarda conjunta nao tem uma definicao precisa. Ela pode cobrir um arranjo onde um dos genitores fica com as criancas durante o periodo escolar e outro durante as ferias, com direito a livre visitacao; ate arranjos mais tradicionais, onde o tempo despendido com a prole e menos dividido, mas ha a enfase no sharing parenting, e o genitor que nao detem a custodia tem participacao em decisoes chave relacionadas a saude e educacao dos menores.[24] Sobre o termo shared parenting, Sergio Eduardo Nick esclarece que nao importa mais tanto quem e que vai morar com a crianca, o destaque vai para os filhos, e aquilo que e melhor para eles: ter ambos os pais interessados em seu bem-estar, sua educacao, sua saude, e seu desenvolvimento como um todo. [25] Nesse sentido, os dois pais seriam estimulados a exercer a maternagem mesmo que separados. Do exposto, ve-se que o relevante nao e tanto com quem o menor ira residir, mas sim que ele fique a maior parte do tempo com ambos os genitores. As tarefas dos pais relativas ao menor apos a separacao nao sao exclusivas, ao contrario, sao compartilhadas. Aqui no Brasil, a redistribuicao dos papeis na comunidade familiar, como exigencia da evolucao dos costumes nas sociedades modernas, decretou a impropriedade da guarda exclusiva, impondo a reconsideracao dos parametros vigentes, que nao reservam espaco a atual igualdade parental. Quando o modelo vigente nao mais atende as expectativas sociais, quando a realidade quotidiana observada no foro prioriza, sistematicamente, a maternidade em detrimento da paternidade, quando se nega a crianca o direito de ter dois pais, quando inevitavel o processo de isonomia entre o marido e a esposa, criando uma simetria nos papeis familiares, e hora de se rever a questao da autoridade parental. E assim, com a modernidade, e a necessidade de rever a questao da autoridade parental, e que surgiu a guarda compartilhada no ordenamento juridico com a Lei 11.698/2008, onde regulou alguns artigos do Codigo Civil. Objetivo da guarda compartilhada Cabe entendermos que este modelo, tenta priorizar o melhor interesse dos filhos e a igualdade dos generos no exercicio da parentalidade, ouse ja, de certa forma e uma resposta mais eficaz a continuidade das relacoes da crianca com seus pais na familia dissociada. e uma forma de atentar aos pais que vivem separados, que podem exercer conjuntamente a autoridade parental, como faziam na constancia da uniao conjugal, ou de fato. Apos apresentadas os problemas que ocorrem com a dissolucao da sociedade conjugal, e as definicoes e conceitos, sobre esse novo modelo de guarda, passa se a expor os objetivos do instituto, a fim de que se possa ter uma nocao mais concreta. Sendo assim, temos como o principal objetivo diminuir os impactos que a ruptura conjugal causa tanto nos filhos quanto nos pais, validando a estes o papel parental permanente, ininterrupto e conjunto. No entendimento de Claudete Carvalho Canezin, o objetivo da guarda compartilhada e o de garantir que as duas figuras, pai e mae, mantenham um contato permanente, equilibrado, assiduo e co-responsavel com seus filhos, evitando tanto a exclusao quanto a omissao daquele que nao esta com a guarda naquele momento.[26] Ou seja, esse tipo de guarda visa a possibilidade de que os filhos de pais separados continuem assistidos por ambos os genitores, apos a separacao, devendo ter efetiva e equivalente autoridade legal para tomarem decisoes importantes quanto ao bem estar de seus filhos, e freqÃÆ'Â ¼entemente, ter uma paridade maior no cuidado deles. Segundo Marcial Barreto Casabona, o intuito da guarda compartilhada e que o filho tenha um contato diferenciado quantitativa e qualitativamente com o pai (ou mae). Que mantenha uma efetiva convivencia, e nao que seja simplesmente visitado pelo pai (ou mae).[27] Ao longo dos anos, pudemos presenciar inumeros exemplos problematicos ocorridos quanto a criacao dos filhos, pois, o detentor da guarda tenta impor ao outro genitor suas vontades, quanto a forma de conducao da educacao dos filhos, tendo em alguns casos, a necessidade de ser levado novamente a frente da justica, para decidir assuntos de interesse exclusivamente familiares. Tais processos judiciais acabam por deteriorar ainda mais o relacionamento familiar, e ainda, lotam o judiciario, transformando um desentendimento familiar em uma disputa juridica, na qual o juiz por vezes, nada tem a fazer se nao conciliar as partes. A guarda conjunta, compartilhada de certa forma, visa aumentar e dividir a responsabilidade de cada um dos genitores perante os filhos, a cooperacao e a comunicacao entre todos os membros da familia. Ha a pretensao de garantir uma igualdade, ja existente, entre homem e mulher mesmo apos a separacao, colocando em equilibrio os papeis parentais. Tenta por vezes, esse modelo de guarda demonstrar, que os genitores, devem equiparar-se quanto ao tempo livre que os mesmos detem, para a organizacao de sua vida pessoal e profissional, buscando assim reorganizar as relacoes entre pais e filhos no interior da familia na pos-separacao. Para atingir todos estes objetivos, tem-se procurado, transformar as relacoes superficiais do filho com o genitor nao-guardiao, fazendo assim, com que ele participe mais da vida de sua prole. Tenta-se por meio dessa maior participacao deste na vida daquele, visar uma cooperacao entre os genitores, que obviamente, nao depende exclusivamente de uma ordem judicial, mas da boa vontade de ambos. Assim, este modelo de guarda nos demonstra que os genitores podem e devem exercer o encargo parental mesmo apos a separacao ou divorcio, tendo em vista sempre o modelo de organizacao familiar que se assemelha a uma familia intacta. A guarda compartilhada, de certa forma, exige a responsabilizacao conjunta dos dois pais pelas funcoes inerentes ao poder familiar (CC, art. 1.583, ÂÂ § 1.ÂÂ º), sem prevalencia ou hierarquia de um pai sobre o outro, num ambiente mais democratico e igualitario. Sendo assim, para a possivel a aplicacao da guarda conjunta ou compartilhada, e necessario, o pressuposto do atendimento ao melhor interesse da crianca e do adolescente. Faz-se, necessario e que haja o exame bem atento do caso concreto, onde possa ser verificado as reais condicoes sociais, psicologicas, morais, emocionais e afetivas dos genitores, pois nao podem existir quaisquer das causas impeditivas do deferimento da guarda para um dos pais, exemplos: violencia contra os filhos, alcoolismo, doencas mentais, vontade expressada de nao ser o guardiao etc. Dessa forma, o maior objetivo da guarda compartilhada e a continuidade da relacao afetiva e filial da crianca e do adolescente com ambos os pais, mas sempre lembrando que tal modelo, carece de analise da condicao familiar, para que nao cause danos permanentes aos filhos. Pode ser concluido neste topico que para ser vislumbrada a possivel aplicacao da guarda compartilhada, e indispensavel ser analisado o caso concreto, pois, ha situacoes pode nao atender o melhor interesse do menor, pois em determinados casos, a convivencia com ambos os genitores acaba nao sendo um fator fundamental no desenvolvimento social e psicologico, tendo em vista que as vezes uma familia mal constituida e pode causar danos a prole. Por mais, certo que seja que e atraves de nossas familias de origem, representada por nossos pais, que nos inserimos na estrutura social, bem como e primordialmente atraves das relacoes com ambos, pai e mae, que construimos nossa subjetividade, devemos ter o cuidado de analisar se a relacao conjunta de ambos os genitores nao cause mais brigas e confusoes na vida da crianca e do adolescente. Comentarios sobre a Lei 11.698/2008 e suas mudancas no Codigo Civil Ja ha algum tempo observava-se na sociedade brasileira um significativo movimento reivindicatorio em favor da legalizacao da guarda compartilhada, que foi atendido por meio da promulgacao, da Lei nÂÂ °. 11.698/08, publicada em de 13 de junho de 2008, que alterou os artigos 1.583 e 1.584 do nosso Codigo Civil, e introduziu, expressamente, a guarda compartilhada em nossa legislacao. Era grande a necessidade de ratificar-se a sua aplicacao, pois, na nossa sociedade houve mudancas sociologicas em relacao a familia, inclusive no ambito do Direito Processual Civil, dando relevo ao Instituto da guarda compartilhada, pelo motivo de tratar-se de um Direito Fundamental, o qual e norma e, tambem, uma necessidade e tarefa do Estado. A insercao desse modelo de guarda no direito brasileiro e de certa forma, uma adaptacao a sociedade moderna que sofre transformacoes diariamente. E e assim que surge a luta para que a Guarda Compartilhada saisse do papel, pois, as mudancas na sociedade clamavam por essa evolucao; houve assim, o empenho das entidades de maes e pais separados, desde o ano de 2002. Houve o Projeto de Lei n. 6.350, de autoria do entao deputado federal do PT/MG, Tilden Santiago encontrava-se em tramitacao, assim, este projeto visava alterar os artigos 1583 e 1584 do Codigo Civil e instituir, legalmente, a Guarda Compartilhada no Brasil. Em agosto de 2004, o projeto recebeu parecer favoravel da Comissao de Seguridade Social e Familia do Congresso Nacional, sendo encaminhado em agosto de 2006 para a Comissao de Constituicao, Justica e Cidadania do Senado Federal aguardando parecer do relator, Senador Demostenes Torres, PFL-GO. Depois que este projeto foi protocolado no Congresso Nacional, surgiram outros dois, versando sobre o mesmo tema. Um, do deputado Feu Rosa, em 18/03/2002, apensado ao primeiro, e outro do Deputado Ricardo Fiuza, em 07/11/2002, que e parte de um conjunto de alteracoes em varios dispositivos do Codigo Civil. Conforme ja mencionado, a primeira observacao relevante acerca da nova redacao dos arts. 1.583 e 1.584 e que eles nao se referem mais, expressamente, somente a guarda dos filhos para o caso de dissolucao da sociedade conjugal ou do vinculo conjugal em razao da separacao judicial ou divorcio, mas sim, a situacao dos filhos em qualquer hipotese em que os pais nao vivam juntos. A passagem da teoria a pratica so sera efetiva apos profundos estudos do comportamento humano, sempre em cotejo com os objetivos da norma constitucional protetiva do menor no caso concreto. Inobstante as dificuldades que sempre sao enfrentadas na solucao consciente e madura da guarda do menor, so a formacao firme, o apoio dos profissionais ja mencionados, o aporte de condicoes humanas e materiais poderao fazer com que o juiz de familia tenha condicoes de, passando da teoria a pratica, utilizar-se desse novo instituto. [28] Assim sendo, houve uma ratificacao sobre a legislacao existente sobre a guarda compartilhada, pois, no ordenamento juridico brasileiro, pois, nao havia nada ate entao, a respeito da modalidade de guarda compartilhada ou conjunta, mas, depois da vigencia da Lei, o assunto e tratado de forma mais clara, uma vez que a Lei tornou o tema uniforme, em determinados casos, quanto a sua aplicacao nos tribunais e, nao mais uma excecao a regra. Com a nova lei, o caput do art. 1.583 passou a ter a seguinte redacao: A guarda sera unilateral ou compartilhada. O legislador preocupou-se, inclusive, em definir essas modalidades de guarda, o que fez no ÂÂ § 1ÂÂ º, que assim dispoe: Considerando o artigo 1.583 percebe que a intencao o Legislador e acima de tudo definir um dever generico de cuidado material, atencao e afeto, por parte do genitor a quem nao se atribuiu a guarda, estando implicita a intencao de evitar o que a doutrina convencionou chamar de abandono moral. [29] Conforme evidencia a seguir: Com a nova lei, o caput do artigo 1.583 passou a ter a seguinte redacao: A guarda sera unilateral ou compartilhada. O legislador preocupou-se, inclusive, em definir essas modalidades de guarda, o que fez no ÂÂ § 1ÂÂ º, que assim dispoe: Compreende-se por guarda unilateral a atribuida a um so dos genitores ou a alguem que o substitua (art. 1.584, ÂÂ § 5ÂÂ º) e, por guarda compartilhada a responsabilizacao conjunta e o exercicio de direitos e deveres do pai e da mae que nao vivam sob o mesmo teto, concernentes ao poder familiar dos filhos comuns. [30] Anteriormente a Lei 11.698/2008, havia divergencia entre os pais, pois, a guarda era sempre unilateral, era ela atribuida a mae, ao pai, ou, se nenhum dos genitores apresentasse condicoes satisfatorias para exerce-la, ate mesmo a terceira pessoa. Pela atual redacao do art. 1.584, ÂÂ § 2ÂÂ º, quando nao houver acordo entre a mae e o pai quanto a guarda do filho, sera aplicada, sempre que possivel, a guarda compartilhada. Constata-se, pois, que a orientacao legal foi modificada, devendo-se priorizar a guarda compartilhada em detrimento da guarda unilateral. Na acao em que a guarda estiver sendo discutida, o juiz, na audiencia de conciliacao, deve informar aos pais o significado da guarda compartilhada, a sua importancia, a similitude de deveres e direitos dos mesmos e as sancoes que podem ser impostas pelo descumprimento daquilo que for estipulado. Caso o magistrado verifique nao ser aconselhavel a guarda compartilhada, nao lhe restara alternativa senao atribui-la a um dos pais. Nesse caso, a guarda unilateral, nos termos do disposto no art. 1.583, ÂÂ § 1ÂÂ º, sera atribuida ao genitor que revele melhores condicoes para exerce-la e, objetivamente, mais aptidao para propiciar aos filhos os seguintes fatores: afeto nas relacoes com o genitor e com o grupo familiar, saude e seguranca; e educacao. Alias, caso o juiz verifique que nenhum dos pais oferece condicoes para ficar com a guarda dos filhos, podera conferi-la a uma terceira pessoa que revele compatibilidade com a medida, de preferencia levando em conta o grau de parentesco e a relacao de afinidade e afetividade. A guarda dos filhos menores ou dos maiores incapazes pode ser alterada a qualquer tempo, desde que haja alteracao na situacao fatica. Nesse sentido, o art. 1.586 estabelece que, havendo motivos graves, podera o juiz, em qualquer caso, a bem dos filhos, regular de maneira diferente da estabelecida a situacao deles para com os pais. No entanto, o fato de o guardiao convolar novas nupcias ou passar a manter outro relacionamento afetivo nao acarreta a perda do direito de ter os filhos consigo. Conforme o teor do Enunciado 337, aprovado na IV Jornada de Direito Civil do CJF: O fato de o pai ou a mae constituirem nova uniao nao repercute no direito de terem os filhos do leito anterior em sua companhia, salvo quando houver comprometimento da sadia formacao e do integral desenvolvimento da personalidade destes. Se for estipulada a guarda unilateral, o pai ou a mae que nao ficar com a mesma, tera o direito de visitar os filhos e te-los sob a sua companhia, bem como de fiscalizar a sua manutencao e educacao. O regime de visitas deve ser acordado pelos proprios pais ou ser fixado pelo magistrado. O ideal e que tal direito seja amplo, a fim de que o filho possa manter o relacionamento mais proximo possivel com ambos os genitores. Alias, a visita nao e apenas um direito do nao guardiao, mas tambem um direito do filho de ser visitado. Apesar de nao haver expressa determinacao legal, e assente, tanto na doutrina como na jurisprudencia, que o direito de visitas nao esta restrito ao genitor nao guardiao, sendo estendido tambem as outras pessoas proximas ao menor, em especial aos avos. Nesse sentido, afirma o Enunciado 333, aprovado na IV Jornada de Direito Civil, promovida pelo CJF: o direito de visita pode ser estendido aos avos e pessoas com as quais a crianca ou o adolescente mantenha vinculo afetivo, atendendo ao seu melhor interesse. Ora, entende-se que uma crianca precisa da figura do pai e da mae para o seu desenvolvimento psicologico e social. Um dos direitos fundamentais da crianca e do adolescente e o direito a convivencia familiar, previsto no artigo 227 da Constituicao Federal de 1988. A crianca tem direito a convivencia com seus pais, mesmo que a familia tenha sido modificada em funcao da dissolucao da sociedade conjugal ou da uniao estavel. Visando o melhor interesse do menor, para que ambos os pais compartilhem da criacao, educacao, participacao na vida dos filhos com adequada comunicacao, a forma mais conveniente seria a guarda compartilhada. CAPiTULO 3 Aplicabilidade do Modelo A aplicacao da guarda compartilhada no ordenamento juridico brasileiro depende de cada caso concreto e especifico. A guarda compartilhada, veio em busca de atenuar o impacto negativo da ruptura conjugal, pois, tenta fazer com que os dois pais consigam ficar envolvidos na criacao dos filhos, validando-lhes o papel parental permanente, ininterrupto e conjunto. Dessa forma, cada caso que chega ao judiciario, deve ser analisado, a fim de conseguir juntar varios fatores, como a responsabilidade, a cooperacao e cordialidade entre o casal. Esses sao alguns dos criterios nos quais devem ser levados em consideracao pelo Magistrado e sua equipe, para que seja determinada a aplicacao da guarda compartilhada. A quebra do vinculo parental por varias vezes representa um extraordinario prejuizo a formacao da personalidade do filho e sua relacao com o meio social, ou seja, uma analise mal feita da possibilidade da aplicacao da guarda compartilhada e a crianca sofrera muito mais. Temos que ter a ideia de que, compartilhar, nao e simplesmente dividir as responsabilidades, e o tempo de convivencia, e muito mais, de certa forma, e continuar a pensar, fazer e proporcionar juntos, nao como uma familia em baixo do mesmo teto, mas sim, juntos, apesar da separacao, disernir o que e bem melhor para o desenvolvimento emocional, material e moral dos seus filhos. Compartilhar tem um sentido especial e profundo. Nao se deixa de tomar parte, participar, compartir, partilhar com alguem. Os pais devem entender que, o instituto da guarda compartilhada, no meu entendimento, vem para tentar representar uma melhor opcao para um desenvolvimento e crescimento nao so como pessoa, ser humano, mas notadamente no plano emocional e psicologico dos filhos. A aplicabilidade deste modelo de guarda, nao dependem somente da interpretacao dos Magistrados, e sua equipe, para que de certo, cabe aos pais, entenderem o real e verdadeiro significado dessa compartilhacao na guarda, pois, devem entender que ao judiciario cabe zelar pelo bem estar da populacao, mas aos seu filhos, eles tambem devem fazer a sua parte. Se os pais conseguirem, separar o fim do casamento, da criacao da prole, essas criancas e adolescentes poderiam ficar eternamente gratos, pois, saberiam que na pratica, e possivel disso ocorrer de forma efetiva e verdadeira; acabando assim, um pouco com o sofrimento desses filhos. 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